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toxoid

 
American Heritage Dictionary:

tox·oid

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(tŏk'soid') pronunciation
n.
A substance that has been treated to destroy its toxic properties but retains the capacity to stimulate production of antitoxins, used in immunization.


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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia:

toxoid

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Bacterial toxin that has been made inactive but can still combine with or stimulate formation of antibodies. In many bacterial diseases, the bacteria produce a toxin that causes the disease manifestations. Heating the toxin or treating it chemically converts it into a harmless toxoid that can be injected into a human or a nonhuman animal to confer immunity from subsequent infection. The vaccines for tetanus and diphtheria are toxoids.

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Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine:

toxoid

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Toxin that has had its poisonous element removed, but which retains its ability to act as an antigen and stimulate the production of antibodies against the actual toxin.

Columbia Encyclopedia:

toxoid

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toxoid, protein toxin treated by heat or chemicals so that its poisonous property is destroyed but its capacity to stimulate the formation of toxin antibodies, or antitoxins, remains. Because toxoids can be given in large quantities with no risk of tissue damage, they have superseded the highly poisonous toxins as immunizing agents against such diseases as diphtheria and tetanus.

Wiley Dictionary of Flavors:

Toxoid

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An inactivated toxin capable of stimulating the body's production of antibodies by the immune system. Inoculations of toxoids can enable the body to build up antibodies and be immunized against certain diseases. Once the immune system comes in contact with these weakened offenders, it can then learn how to combat them in the future.
Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry:

toxoid

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an exotoxin that has been modified (e.g. by formalin treatment) so that its toxicity has been lost while its antigenicity (both immunogenicity and reactivity) is retained.

Previous:toxinogenic, toxin, toxigenic
Next:toxophore, tpr-met, tra
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary:

toxoid

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A toxin treated by heat or chemical agent to destroy its deleterious properties without destroying its antigenicity. Most of the clostridial diseases, e.g. tetanus, are controlled by vaccination with toxoids.

Mosby's Dental Dictionary:

toxoids

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n.pl

Toxins that have been treated to destroy their toxic properties but retain their ability to induce antibody production, thus creating an active immunity.

Random House Word Menu:

categories related to 'toxoid'

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Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier
For a list of words related to toxoid, see:
  • PHARMACOLOGY - toxoid: vaccine made from poisonous waste products of disease-causing microorganisms

Wikipedia on Answers.com:

Toxoid

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 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)

A toxoid is a bacterial toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been weakened or suppressed either by chemical (formalin) or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. In international medical literature the preparation also is known as Anatoxin or Anatoxine.[1] There are toxoids for prevention of diphtheria, tetanus and botulism.[2]

Toxoids are used as vaccines because they induce an immune response to the original toxin or increase the response to another antigen. For example, the tetanus toxoid[3] is derived from the tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. The latter causes tetanus. Botulin is produced by Clostridium botulinum and it causes the deadly disease botulism.

Production of toxoids

Multiple doses of tetanus toxoid are used by many plasma centers in the United States for the development of highly immune persons for the production of human anti-tetanus immune globulin (Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG), HyperTet (c)[4]), which has replaced horse serum type tetanus antitoxin in most of the developed world.

References

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ http://ajph.aphapublications.org/cgi/reprint/16/12/1208.pdf
  3. ^ http://www.fda.gov/downloads/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/UCM142732.pdf downloaded 20100529
  4. ^ http://www.talecris-pi.info/inserts/hypertet.pdf downloaded 20100529
Development
Administration
Vaccines
Bacterial
Viral

Adenovirus · Tick-borne encephalitis · Japanese encephalitis# · Flu# (LAIV, H1N1 (Pandemrix)) · Hepatitis A# · Hepatitis B# · HPV (Gardasil, Cervarix) · Measles# · Mumps# (Mumpsvax) · Polio# (Salk, Sabin) · Rabies# · Rotavirus# · Rubella# · Smallpox (Dryvax) · Varicella zoster (chicken pox#, shingles) · Herpes simplex† · Yellow fever#
combination: MMR · MMRV

research: Cytomegalovirus · Epstein-Barr · HIV · Hepatitis C
Protozoan
Other
Controversy
See also

M: BAC

drug(J1p, w, n, m, vacc)


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American Heritage Dictionary. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2007, 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.  Read more
Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. © 1994-2012 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Copyright © Michael Kent 1998, 2006, 2007. All rights reserved.  Read more
Columbia Encyclopedia. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/.  Read more
Wiley Dictionary of Flavors. Copyright © 2008 by Wiley-Blackwell. Wiley and the Wiley logo are registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries. Used here by license.  Read more
 Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry. Oxford University Press. Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology © 1997, 2000, 2006 All rights reserved.  Read more
Saunders Veterinary Dictionary. Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary 3rd Edition. Copyright © 2007 by D.C. Blood, V.P. Studdert and C.C. Gay, Elsevier. All rights reserved.  Read more
Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Mosby's Dental Dictionary. Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Random House Word Menu. © 2010 Write Brothers Inc. Word Menu is a registered trademark of the Estate of Stephen Glazier. Write Brothers Inc. All rights reserved.  Read more
Wikipedia on Answers.com. This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article Toxoid.  Read more