A tract is a literary work, and in current usage, usually religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time. By the early part of the twenty-first century, these meant small pamphlets used for religious and political purposes, though far more often the former. They are often either left for someone to find or handed out. However, there have been times in history when the term implied tome-like works.
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History
The distribution of tracts pre-dates the development of the printing press, with the term being applied by scholars to religious and political works at least as early as the 13th century. They were used to disseminated the teachings of John Wycliffe in the 14th century. As a political tool, they proliferated throughout Europe during the 17th century. They were printed as persuasive religious material from the time of Gutenberg's invention.
Religious tracts
As religious literature, they were used throughout the turbulence of the Protestant Reformation, and various uphevals of the 17th century. They came to such prominence again in the Oxford Movement that it became known as Tractarianism, after the publication in the 1830s and 1840s of a series of religious essays collectively called Tracts for the Times.
These tracts were written by a group of Church of England clergy including John Henry Newman, John Keble, Henry Edward Manning, and Edward Pusey. They were theological discourses that sought to establish the continuity between the Church of England and the patristic period of church history. They had a vast influence on Anglo-Catholicism. They were learned works and varied in length from four to over 400 pages.[1] An important center for the spreading of tracts was the London-based Religious Tract Society.[2] Tracts were used both within England - affecting the conversion of pioneer missionary to China, Hudson Taylor - as well as in the cross cultural missions movements such as Taylor founded: the China Inland Mission. Charles Spurgeon wrote many tracts, and in addition to these evangelical writings, his "Penny Sermons" were printed weekly and distributed widely by the millions and used in a similar way.
The publishing of tracts for religious purposes has continued unabated, with many evangelical tract ministries, in particular, existing today.[3] In the United States, the American Tract Society has continuously published literature of this type since 1825. By the late 1800s, Bible Students associated with Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society were distributing tens of millions of tracts each year;[4] by the start of World War I, they had distributed hundreds of millions of tracts in dozens of languages around the globe.[5] Jehovah's Witnesses may distribute nearly a half-billion of a new Kingdom News tract,[6][7] and they have several other titles with circulations over a hundred million each;[8] in more than 400 languages[9] altogether, "uncounted billions of tracts" have been "put into the hands of interested people" by the Watch Tower Society and Jehovah's Witnesses[10]
As evangelistic tools, tracts became prominent in the Jesus movement. One of the most widely distributed was "The Four Spiritual Laws" authored by Bill Bright of Campus Crusade for Christ and first published in 1965. "This Was Your Life" was the first of many tracts written by Jack Chick. Later Chick tracts followed the pattern vivid cartoon images and began to focus on issues of Fundamentalist Christianity, including vehement Anti-Catholic opinions.
In the 1980s and 1990s Last Days Ministries reprinted articles in the Last Days Newsletter by Keith Green and other contemporary and historic writers including David Wilkerson, Leonard Ravenhill, Winkie Pratney, Charles Finney, John Wesley, and William Booth. More recently Living Waters Publications prints tracts such as "The Atheist Test" or "Are You Good Enough to Go to Heaven?", as well as tracts which feature attention-getting illusions or gags. These include the "Million Dollar Bill", which caused a legal controversy in June 2006. Most Christian tract ministries operate as non-profit "faith" organizations, some to the degree that they do not require a fee for their tracts. One of the most productive among these is Fellowship Tract League, which has printed 3.5 billion Gospel tracts since 1978, in over 70 different languages, and distributed into more than 200 countries.[11]
Political tracts
Brochure-like tracts, also known as pamphlets, advocating political positions have also been used throughout history as well. They were used throughout Europe in the 17th century. In the 18th century, they featured prominently in the political unrest leading up to the American Revolution. A well-known example of a far-reaching tract from this era is Common Sense by Thomas Paine.
Tracts were used for political purposes throughout the 20th century. They were used to spread Nazi propaganda in central Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. According to Jack Chick, his impetus to design cartoon-based religious tracts was brought on by hearing of a similar promotional tool used by Communists in China to wide success. [12] In the months before the John F. Kennedy assassination, Lee Harvey Oswald handed out pamphlets promoting Fidel Castro and Communist Cuba on the streets of New Orleans, Louisiana.
See also
References
- ^ Modern History Sourcebook: The Tracts for the Times, 1833-1841 [1]
- ^ The article traktatsällskap in Nationalencyklopedin, web edition, visited 2006-11-22 (Swedish)
- ^ http://www.tractlist.com
- ^ "Kingdom Proclaimers Active in All the Earth", The Watchtower, May 1, 1994, page 15, "In 1881, just two years after the Watch Tower was first published, ... In a few years, tens of millions of tracts were being distributed annually in many languages."
- ^ "Witnesses to the Most Distant Part of the Earth", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 421, "Before the devastation of the first world war was unleashed, an extensive witness had been given worldwide. ...Millions of books, as well as hundreds of millions of tracts and other pieces of literature in 35 languages, had been distributed by the Bible Students."
- ^ "An Assembly That Anticipates Divine Victory", Awake!, November 8, 1973, page 18, "One of the program highlights was the release of the first of a series of new Kingdom News tracts and the announcement of a special worldwide work using them. By next September it is hoped that half a billion of these tracts will be distributed"
- ^ "Highlights of the Past Year", 2002 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, ©2002 Watch Tower, page 8, "During the months of October and November 2000, nearly half a billion copies of Kingdom News No. 36 in 189 languages were distributed worldwide."
- ^ "Presenting the Good News—With Tracts and Handbills", Our Kingdom Ministry, January 1991, page 8, ©Watch Tower
- ^ "“The Silver Is Mine, and the Gold Is Mine”", The Watchtower, November 1, 2007, page 18, "Tracts, brochures, magazines, and books have been translated into 437 languages."
- ^ "Witnesses to the Most Distant Part of the Earth", Jehovah's Witnesses - Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, ©1993 Watch Tower, page 520, "The records are incomplete; but the reports that are still available show that in 294 languages, 10,107,565,269 books, booklets, brochures, and magazines, as well as uncounted billions of tracts, were put into the hands of interested people between the years 1920 and 1992." http://www.watchtower.org
- ^ http://www.fellowshiptractleague.org/about.htm
- ^ Biography of Jack Chick[2]
External links
- Operation 513 A ministry that produces evangelical gospel tracts.
- (Seed For The Sower Publications (a.k.a. Gospel Tracts Now) a ministry that produces contemporary Christian gospel tracts.
- World Christian Tract Directory
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