| Transitional cell carcinoma | |
| Classification and external resources | |
_pT1.JPG) Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Transurethral biopsy. H&E stain. |
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| ICD-O: | M8120/3-8130 |
|---|---|
| eMedicine | med/2003 radio/711 |
| MeSH | [1] |
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC, also urothelial cell carcinoma or UCC) is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system: the kidney, urinary bladder, and accessory organs. It is the most common type of bladder cancer and cancer of the ureter, urethra, and urachus; it is the second most common type of kidney cancer.
TCC arises from the transitional epithelium, a tissue lining the inner surface of these hollow organs.[1]
When the term "urothelial" is used, it specifically refers to a carcinoma of the urothelium, meaning a TCC of the urinary system.
Contents |
Signs and symptoms
Signs and symptoms depend on the location and extent of the cancer: see for example Bladder cancer.
Causes
Certain drugs such as cyclophosphamide and phenacetin are known to predispose to bladder TCC.[citation needed]
Pathology
TCCs are often multifocal, with 30-40% of patients having more than one tumour at diagnosis. The pattern of growth of TCCs can be papillary, sessile (flat) or carcinoma-in-situ (CIS).
The most common site of TCC metastasis outside the pelvis is bone (35%); of these bone metastases, 40% are in the spine.[2]
Terminology
Transitional refers to the histological subtype of the cancerous cells as seen under a microscope.
Classification
The 1973 WHO grading system for TCCs (papilloma, G1, G2 or G3) is most commonly used despite being superseded by the 2004 WHO [3] grading (papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential (PNLMP), low grade and high grade papillary carcinoma.
Associations
It is associated with phenacetin, smoking, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide and those who drink excessive alcohol. It is also associated with Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.[citation needed]
Prostate
TCC can also be associated with the prostate.[4][5]
Additional images
_at_trigone.jpg) Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder, showing a nested pattern of invasion. Transurethral biopsy. Hematoxylin and eosin. |
_at_trigone.jpg) Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. |
_at_trigone.jpg) Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. |
 Micrograph of urethral urothelial cell carcinoma. H&E stain. |
References
- ^ transitional cell carcinoma at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
- ^ PMID 10511795
- ^ Sauter G, Algaba F, Amin MB, Busch C, Cheville J, Gasser T, Grignon D, Hofstaedter F, Lopez-Beltran A, Epstein JI. Noninvasive urothelial neoplasias: WHO classification of noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors. In World Health Organization classification of tumors. Pathology and genetics of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs. Eble JN, Epstein JI, Sesterhenn I (eds): Lyon, IARCC Press, p. 110, 2004
- ^ Walsh DL, Chang SS (April 2008). "Dilemmas in the treatment of urothelial cancers of the prostate". Urol. Oncol.. doi:. PMID 18439852. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1078-1439(07)00331-6.
- ^ Njinou Ngninkeu B, Lorge F, Moulin P, Jamart J, Van Cangh PJ (January 2003). "Transitional cell carcinoma involving the prostate: a clinicopathological retrospective study of 76 cases". J. Urol. 169 (1): 149–52. doi:. PMID 12478124. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5347(05)64056-6.
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