Trypanosoma

A genus of parasitic flagellate protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae, transmitted to the vertebrate bloodstream, lymph, and spinal fluid by certain insects and often causing diseases such as sleeping sickness in humans and various other diseases in domesticated animals.

A multispecies genus of protozoa in the family Trypanosomatidae, parasitic in the blood, lymph and tissues of invertebrates and vertebrates, including humans; most species live part of their life cycle in the intestines of insects and other invertebrates, the flagellate stage being found only in the vertebrate host. The species which cause serious diseases of domestic animals are listed individually below. Species of minor pathogenicity include T. avium (birds), T. binneyi (platypus), T. calmetti (ducklings), T. diazi (capuchin monkeys), T. dimorphon (domestic animals generally), T. gallinarum (fowls), T. melophagium (sheep), T. minasense (monkeys, e.g. marmosets), T. nabiasi (rabbits), T. primatum (chimpanzees, gorillas), T. rangeli (humans, dogs, cats). Called also T. ariarii, T. guatamalense, T. saimiriae (squirrel monkeys), T. sanmartini (squirrel monkeys), T. theodori (pigs).

• T. brucei (syn. T. pecaudi) — causes a severe disease in all species including horse, cattle, sheep, dogs and cats.
• T. congolense (syn. T. pecorum, T. nanum, T. montgomeryi) — causes diseases in all domestic animals but most serious in humans (sleeping sickness), cattle (nagana); reservoir hosts are wild ruminants.
• T. cruzi (syn. T. escomeli) — a disease of humans (Chagas’ disease, American trypanosomiasis) which has reservoirs in pigs, dogs and cats and many wild animals. It causes disease in these hosts and may be fatal to dogs.
• T. equinum — occurs in various species but is most serious in equids, in which it is characterized by posterior paralysis; called Mal de Caderas.
• T. equiperdum — a serious disease of equids which it is transmitted venereally and is called dourine.
• T. evansi — causes infection in many species including camels, horses and dogs. The disease in horses is surra. In cattle and buffalo the disease is subclinical but these species act as reservoirs.
• T. gambiense (syn. T. hominis, T. nigeriense, T. ugandense) — a chronic disease of humans which can occur also in cattle, goats, sheep, horses, dogs and cats.
• T. lewisi — occurs in rats and may cause death in ratlings.
• T. rhodesiense — causes a serious disease in humans but only a mild one in ruminants and other domestic animals and monkeys.
• T. suis — found in pigs in which it causes a fatal disease.
• T. theileri — considered to be nonpathogenic in cattle, in which it occurs almost universally but may cause illness in stressed animals.
• T. uniforme — found in most ruminants. Similar to T. vivax in pathogenicity.
• T. vivax (syn. T. caprae, T. angolense) — found in ruminants and horses but not pigs, dogs, cats. Causes a serious and fatal disease in cattle and goats, especially in animals under stress.

Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma cruzi, crithidia.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Excavata
Phylum:	Euglenozoa
Class:	Kinetoplastida
Order:	Trypanosomatida
Genus:	Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843

Trypanosoma is a genus of kinetoplastids (class Kinetoplastida), a monophyletic^[1] group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. The name is derived from the Greek trypano (borer) and soma (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various disease, including the fatal disease sleeping sickness in humans.

The mitochondrial genome of the Trypanosoma as well as of other kinetoplastids, known as the kinetoplast, is made up of a highly complex series of catenatated circles and minicircles and require a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division.

In addition, two life cycle forms of Trypanosoma brucei are easy to culture and are genetically pliable.

Contents 1 Selected species 2 Hosts and life cycle 3 References 4 External links

Selected species

Species of Trypanosoma include the following:

• T. ambystomae in amphibians
• T. avium, which causes trypanosomiasis in birds
• T. boissoni, in elasmobranch
• T. brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in cattle
• T. cruzi, which causes Chagas disease in humans
• T. congolense, which causes nagana in cattle, horses, and camels
• T. equinum, in South American horses, transmitted via Tabanidae,
• T. equiperdum, which causes dourine or Covering sickness in horses and other Equidae
• T. evansi, which causes one form of the disease surra in certain animals (a single case report of human infection in 2005 in India^[2] was successfully treated with suramin^[3])
• T. everetti, in birds
• T. hosei in amphibians
• T. levisi, in rats
• T. melophagium, in sheep, transmitted via Melophagus ovinus
• T. paddae, in birds
• T. parroti, in amphibians
• T. percae, in the fish species Perca fluviatilis
• T. rangeli, believed to be nonpathogenic to humans
• T. rotatorium, in amphibians
• T. rugosae, in amphibians
• T. sergenti, in amphibians
• T. simiae, which causes nagana in animals
• T. sinipercae, in fishes
• T. suis, which causes a different form of surra
• T. theileri, a large trypanosome infecting ruminants
• T. triglae, in marine teleosts
• T. vivax, which causes the disease nagana

Hosts and life cycle

Trypanosoma undergo a complex life cycle which includes several different morphological forms. For example, Trypanosoma brucei is transmitted between mammalian hosts through a tsetse fly vector and undergoes a series of morphological and metabolic changes to adapt to these very different environments.

References

1. ^ Hamilton PB, Stevens JR, Gaunt MW, Gidley J, Gibson WC (2004). "Trypanosomes are monophyletic: evidence from genes for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and small subunit ribosomal RNA". Int. J. Parasitol. 34 (12): 1393–404. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.08.011. PMID 15542100. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020-7519(04)00189-4. 
2. ^ "A new form of human trypanosomiasis in India. Description of the first human case in the world caused by Trypanosoma evansi". Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 80 (7): 62–3. 2005. PMID 15771199. 
3. ^ Joshi PP, Chaudhari A, Shegokar VR, et al. (2006). "Treatment and follow-up of the first case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India". Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100 (10): 989–91. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.003. PMID 16455122. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0035-9203(05)00429-3. 

External links

• Trykipedia, Trypanosomatid specific ontologies
• Tree of Life: Trypanosoma

v • d • e Excavata Discoba Discicristata Euglenozoa Euglenida (Euglena) · Kinetoplastida/Trypanosomatida (Trypanosoma, Leishmania) Percolozoa Heterolobosea Schizopyrenida: Vahlkampfiidae (Naegleria) · Gruberellidae (Stachyamoeba) Acrasidae (Acrasis) Percolatea Percolomonas · Stephanopogon Loukozoa/Jakobea Andaluciida Andalucia Jakobida Jakobidae (Jakoba) · Histionidae (Reclinomonas, Histiona) M+M Metamonad Trichozoa Retortamonadida (Chilomastix, Retortamonas) · Diplomonadida (Giardia) · Carpediemonadida (Carpediemonas) · Parabasalidea/Trichomonadida (Trichomonas, Dientamoeba) Anaeromonada Trimastix · Oxymonadida (Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha, Oxymonas) Other Malawimonas

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