Tȳchē, ‘chance’, ‘fortune’, good or bad, in Greek religious thought the incalculable element in life. In popular belief each person and city had its own tyche, much like a daimon. Belief in this abstraction strengthened after the fifth century BC as worship of the old gods declined. Pindar calls Tyche one of the Fates, stronger than her sisters, but she never became fully personified or a subject of myth. Compare Latin FORTUNA.
Tyche
| WordNet: Tyche |
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The noun has one meaning:
Meaning #1:
(Greek mythology) the goddess of fortune; identified with Roman Fortuna
| Wikipedia: Tyche |
In ancient Greek city cults, Tyche (Τύχη, meaning "luck" in Greek, Roman equivalent: Fortuna) was the presiding tutelary deity that governed the fortune and prosperity of a city, its destiny. S. Spyridakis concisely expressed Tyche's appeal in a Hellenistic world of arbitary violence and unmeaning reverses: "In the turbulent years of the Epigoni of Alexander, an awareness of the instability of human affairs led people to believe that Tyche, the blind mistress of Fortune, governed mankind with an inconstancy which explained the vicissitudes of the time."[1] Increasingly during the Hellenistic period, cities venerated their own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a mural crown (a crown like the walls of the city). In literature, she might be given various genealogies, as a daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite, or considered as one of the Oceanids, daughters of Oceanus and Tethys or Zeus Pindar. She was connected with Nemesis and Agathos Daimon ("good spirit"). She was uniquely venerated at Itanos in Crete, as Tyche Protogeneia, linked with the Athenian Protogeneia ("firstborn"), daughter of Erechtheus, whose self-sacrifice saved the city.[2]
In Alexandria the Tychaeon, the temple of Tyche was described by Libanius as one of the most magnificent of the entire Hellenistic world.[3]
Tyche appears on many coins of the Hellenistic period in the three centuries before the Christian era, especially from cities in the Aegean. Unpredictable turns of fortune drive the complicated plotlines of Hellenistic Romances, such as Leucippe and Clitophon or Daphnis and Chloe. She experienced a resurgence in another era of uneasy change, the final days of publicly-sanctioned Paganism, between the late-fourth-century emperors Julian and Theodosius I who definitively closed the temples. The effectiveness of her capricious power even achieved respectability in philosophical circles during that generation, though among poets it was a commonplace to revile her for a fickle harlot.[4] She had temples at Caesarea Maritima, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople.
In medieval art, she was depicted as carrying a cornucopia, an emblematic ship's rudder, and the wheel of fortune, or she may stand on the wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate. In the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, Tyche became closely associated with the Buddhist goddess Hariti.
The Greek historian Polybius believed that when no cause can be discovered to events such as floods, drought or frosts then the cause of these events may be fairly attributed to Tyche.[5]
References
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- ^ Spyridakis, "The Itanian cult of Tyche Protogeneia", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18.1 (January 1969:42-48) p. 42.
- ^ Noted by Spyridakis, who demonstrated that earlier suggestions of a source in Fortuna Primigenia of Praeneste was anachronistic.
- ^ Libanius, in Progymnasmata 1114R, noted by Spyridakis 1969:45.
- ^ C. M. Bowra, "Palladas on Tyche" The Classical Quarterly New Series, 10.1 (May 1960:118-128).
- ^ Polybius: "The Rise Of The Roman Empire", Pages 29, Penguin, 1979.
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 | Classical Literature Companion. The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Copyright © 1993, 2003 by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. Read more |
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- Fortuna (in Roman mythology)
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- Eutychides (art)
- Bupalos and Athenis (art)
