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United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti

 
Wikipedia: United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
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Small Flag of the United Nations ZP.svg United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
EB Haiti.jpg
Brazilian Army troops before boarding for MINUSTAH
Org type Peacekeeping Mission
Acronyms MINUSTAH
Head Hédi Annabi
Status Active
Established 1 June 2004
Website minustah
Parent org United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Stabilization Mission In Haiti (French: Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti), also known as MINUSTAH, an acronym of the French translation, is a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Haiti that has been in operation since 2004. The mission's military component is led by the Brazilian Army. The force commander is Brazilian. The current UN mission is authorized until October 15, 2010.[1] As of May 2008, the force was composed of a total of 9,055 uniformed personnel which included 7,174 troops and 1,881 police, supported by an international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff and United Nations Volunteers.[2]

Contents

Background

See also: 2004 Haitian coup d'état

According to its mandate from the UN Security Council, MINUSTAH is required to concentrate the use of its resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during the electoral period and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti.[3] MINUSTAH was established by UN Security Council Resolution 1542 on 30 April 2004 because the Security Council deemed the situation in Haiti to be a threat to international peace and security in the region.[4] In 2004, UN peacekeepers stormed Cité Soleil in an attempt to gain control of the area and end the anarchy.[5]

U.S. Marines patrol the streets of Port-au-Prince in March 2004.

In 2004, independent human rights organizations accused MINUSTAH and the Haitian National Police (HNP) of collaborating in numerous atrocities against civilians.[6][7][8] The UN, after repeatedly denying having taken the lives of any civilians, later admitted that civilians may have been killed, but argued that this was not intentional, and that it occurred as a by-product of their crackdown on what they call "gangs". They also said that the UN and MINUSTAH deeply regretted any loss of life during the operation.[9][10]

In early 2005, MINUSTAH force commander Lieutenant-General Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira testified at a congressional commission in Brazil that "we are under extreme pressure from the international community to use violence,” citing Canada, France, and the United States.[11] Later in the year, he resigned, and on 1 September 2005, was replaced by General Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar as force commander of MINUSTAH. On 7 January 2006, Bacellar was found dead in his hotel room.[12] His interim replacement, Chilean General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann.

On 17 January 2006, it was announced that Brazilian General José Elito Carvalho de Siqueira would be the permanent replacement for Bacellar as the head of the United Nations' Haiti force.[13]

On 14 February 2006, in Security Council Resolution 1658, the United Nations Security Council extended MINUSTAH's mandate until 15 August 2006.[14]

MINUSTAH is also a precedent as the first mission in the region to be led by the Brazilian military, and almost entirely composed of, Latin American forces, particularly from Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador and Uruguay.[15] Since 1 September 2007, the mission has been led by Tunisian Hédi Annabi.[16]

United Nations reports and resolutions

Brazilian MINUSTAH soldier with a Haitian girl.

On 23 February 2004, the United Nations Security Council was convened at the request of CARICOM for the first time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in Haiti.[17]

On 29 February 2004, the Security Council passed a resolution "taking note of the resignation of Jean-Bertrand Aristide as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President Boniface Alexandre as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.[18]

On 30 April 2004, MINUSTAH was established and given its mandate with a military component of up to 6,700 troops.[19]

In July the General Assembly authorized the financing of the mission with $200 million[20] which followed a donors' conference in Washington DC.[21]

The first progress report from MINUSTAH was released at the end of August.[22]

In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface Alexandre, spoke to the United Nations General Assembly in support of MINUSTAH.[23]

In November there was a second report,[24] and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.[25]

The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2010 "with the intention of further renewal".[26]

Current status

Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) has been in Haiti since 2004, as of 2007, it continued to struggle for control over the armed gangs. It maintains an armed checkpoint at the entrance to the shanty town of Cité Soleil and the road is blocked with armed vehicles.[27] In January 2006, two Jordanian peacekeepers were killed in Cité Soleil.[28] In October 2006 a heavily armed group of the Haitian National Police were able to enter Cité Soleil for the first time in three years and were able to remain one hour as armored UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the police's ability to penetrate the area even for such a short time was seen as a sign of progress.[29] The situation of continuing violence is similar in Port-au-Prince. Ex-soldiers, supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of ex-president Jean-Bertrand Aristide against the wishes of the Haitian government.[30] Before Christmas 2006 the UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance against gang members in Port-au-Prince, but since then the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been moved. After four people were killed and another six injured in a UN operation exchange of fire with criminals in Cité Soleil in late January 2007, the United States announced that it would contribute $20 million to create jobs in Cité Soleil.[31][32]

In early February 2007, 700 UN troops flooded Cité Soleil resulting in a major gun battle. Although the troop make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the UN troops.[33] On 28 July 2007, Edmond Mulet, the UN Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission Chief, warned of a sharp increase in lynchings and other mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind people lynchings are a crime.[34]

On 2 August 2007, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon arrived in Haiti due assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cité Soleil during his visit. He said that it was Haiti's largest slum and as such was the most important target for U.N. peace keepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit he announced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces in Haiti.[35]

President René Préval has expressed ambivalent feelings about the UN security presence, stating “if the Haitian people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave they would say yes.”[36]Survivors frequently blame the UN peace keepers for deaths of relatives.[37]

In April 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as well as governmental destabilization to Parliament's failure to ratify the president's choice of a prime minister. There were severe riots and the UN force fired rubber bullets in Port au Prince and the riot calmed.[38] The head of MINUSTAH has called for a new government to be chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN is providing emergency food.[39]

Mission Composition

Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti:

Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military component:

  • Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira, Brazil, 2004 to August 2005
  • Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar, Brazil, September 2005 to January 2006.[43]
  • Eduardo Aldunate Herman, Chile, January 2006 (interim appointment).
  • José Elito Carvalho Siqueira, Brazil, January 2006 to January 2007.[44]
  • Carlos Alberto Dos Santos Cruz, Brazil, January 2007 to date.[45]

Countries contributing military personnel (as of February 2009; 7,039 in all):

Argentina (558), Bolivia (208), Brazil (1,282), Canada (4), Chile (499), Croatia (3), Ecuador (67), France (2), Guatemala (118), Jordan (728), Nepal (1,075), Paraguay (31), Peru (209), the Philippines (157), Sri Lanka (959), United States (4), and Uruguay (1,135).[46][47]

Countries contributing police/civilian personnel (as of February 2009; 2,031 in all):

Benin (32), Brazil (4), Burkina Faso (26), Cameroon (8), Canada (94), Central African Republic (7), Chad (3), Chile (15), China (143), Colombia (7), Côte D'Ivoire (60), DR Congo (2), Egypt (22), El Salvador (7), France (64), Grenada (3), Guinea (55), India (139), Italy (4), Jamaica (5), Jordan (312), Madagascar (2), Mali (55), Nepal (168), Niger (62), Nigeria (128), Pakistan (248), Philippines (18), Romania (23), Russian Federation (10), Rwanda (14), Senegal (131), Spain (41), Sri Lanka (7), Togo (5), Turkey (46), United States (48), Uruguay (7), and Yemen (1).[46][47]
Map of MINUSTAH deployment in December 2006

Criticism

A number of incidents and the aim of the UN mission itself have led to widespread criticism of its actions and appeal for its departure.

Political bias

The United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti is the only significant military mission of the United Nations dispatched to a country facing an intern conflict without a peace agreement between the parties[48]. Many have seen in the MINUSTAH an attempt by the United States, Canada and France to oust Haiti's democratically elected populist president Jean Bertrand Aristide, neutralize his supporters of Fanmi Lavalas, and secure the more pro-Western government of Gérard Latortue. In 2005, a damning report undertaken by Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights demonstrated in detail the UN stabilization force "effectively provided cover for the police to wage a campaign of terror in Port-au-Prince's slums"[49], which constitute "an unflinching bastion of support for Aristide and for Lavalas".[50]

6 July 2005 Incident

Chilean helicopter during the 2006 elections (Photo: Patrick André Perron)

On 6 July 2005, MINUSTAH carried out a raid in the Cité Soleil section of Port-au-Prince.[51] MINUSTAH spokespeople claimed that the raid targeted a base of illegally armed rebels led by Dread Wilme. Reports from pro-Lavalas sources, as well as journalists such as Kevin Pina, contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular support for Haiti's exiled former leader, Aristide, before scheduled upcoming elections. The "totally inappropriate solution for the member-states to tell the UN to take sides in Haiti" has not only been denounced by Westerners but also resented by the local population.

Estimates on the number of fatalities range from five to as high as 80, with the higher numbers being claimed by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. All sources also agree that Dread Wilme (born "Emmanuel Wilmer") was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH spokespeople called Wilme a "gangster." Other sources, such as the pro-Aristide Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network call Wilme a community leader and a martyr.[52]

The incident became a focal point for groups who oppose the MINUSTAH occupation of Haiti and who support the return of President Aristide.[27] MINUSTAH has also been accused by opponents of standing by and allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens opposed to the current occupation.

On 6 January 2006, UN mission head Juan Gabriel Valdés announced that MINUSTAH forces would launch another raid on Cité Soleil. Dismissing fears by human rights groups that more civilians will be killed, Valdés said, "We are going to intervene in the coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we have to impose our force, there is no other way."[53]

18 June 2009 Incident

Fanmi Lavalas, Haiti's largest political party and grassroots movement, laid Catholic priest Father Gerard Jean-Juste to rest on 18 June accompanied by thousands of mourners. The procession and demonstration were suddenly interrupted by gunfire that could be heard from around the corner. Witnesses report that Brazilian soldiers with the United Nations military mission opened fire after attempting to arrest one of the mourners. The UN has since denied the shooting and claim that the victim had been killed by either a rock thrown by the crowd or a blunt instrument. Eyewitnesses on the scene have countered that the UN is trying to cover-up the incident.[54]

Legal proceedings

A trial involving the Brazilian contingent of the military forces of the MINUSTAH is currently in progress at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR). The case, brought forward by Mario Joseph from the Bureau des Avocats Internationaux (BAI) and Brian Concannon from the Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti, concerns Jimmy Charles, a grassroots activist who was arrested by UN troops in 2005, and handed over to the Haitian police. His body was found a few days later in the morgue, filled with bullet holes.[55]. The BAI filed a complaint in Haitian courts, to no avail, and in early 2006 it filed a petition with the IACHR. The IACHR accepted the case regarding the State of Haiti, and rejected the complaint against Brazil,[56] showing a legal vacuum in the UN's accountability.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Extended to 2010
  2. ^ "Haiti - MINUSTAH - Facts and Figures". un.org. http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html. Retrieved 2007-08-14. 
  3. ^ "Haiti: former Senator detained after UN mission finds illegal weapons". un.org. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17082&Cr=Haiti&Cr1. Retrieved 2007-08-14. 
  4. ^ "Haiti - MINUSTAH - Mandate". United Nations. http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/mandate.html. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  5. ^ "UN peacekeepers storm Haiti slum". BBC News. December 15 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4096841.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 
  6. ^ "Haiti: Human Rights Investigation November 11 - 21, 2004" (PDF). Miami Law. http://www.law.miami.edu/cshr/CSHR_Report_02082005_v2.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  7. ^ "Haiti: Amnesty International calls on the transitional government to set up an independent commission of enquiry into summary executions attributed to members of the Haitian National Police". Amnesty International. http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR360602004?open&of=ENG-HTI. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  8. ^ "Document currently not found" (PDF). Harvard Law. http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/CAP/Text/Haiti_English_Final.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  9. ^ "UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid". The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article337553.ece. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  10. ^ "MINUSTAH Statement Relating to the Operation Conducted on 05 July 2005 at Cite Soleil" (PDF). UN United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/pb060705e.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  11. ^ "Canada plays big role in propping up Haiti regime". ZNet. http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=6995&sectionID=55. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  12. ^ "Haiti UN mission chief found dead". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4590700.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  13. ^ "New peacekeeping head for Haiti". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4624962.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  14. ^ "Security Council calls on Haitians to refrain from violence". China View. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/15/content_4180775.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  15. ^ "The Changing Role of the Military in Latin America" (PDF). Focal. http://www.focal.ca/pdf/Latam_military.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  16. ^ "Prise de fonction du nouveau Représentant spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies pour Haïti et Chef de la MINUSTAH". MINUSTAH. http://www.minustah.org/articles/639/1/Prise-de-fonction-du-nouveau-Representant-special-du-Secretaire-general-des-Nations-Unies-pour-Haiti-et-Chef-de-la-MINUSTAH/PIOPR347FR2007.html. Retrieved 2007-08-31. 
  17. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbatim Report meeting 4917 on 26 February 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  18. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1529 S-RES-1529(2004) on 29 February 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  19. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1542 S-RES-1542(2004) on 30 April 2007 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  20. ^ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 311 session 58 on 30 July 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  21. ^ United Nations Security Council Presidential Statement S-PRST-2004-32 page 2 on 10 September 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  22. ^ United Nations Security Council Document 698 S-2004-698 on 30 August 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  23. ^ United Nations General Assembly Verbatim Report meeting 6 session 59 page 8, President Alexandre Haiti on 22 September 2004 at 15:00 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  24. ^ United Nations Security Council [http://www.undemocracy.com/S-2004-908Document 908 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti] on 18 November 2004
  25. ^ United Nations Security Council Verbatim Report meeting 5090 on 29 November 2004 (retrieved 2007-10-18)
  26. ^ United Nations Security Council Resolution 1892 S-RES-1892(2009) page 3 on 13 October 2009 (retrieved 2009-10-29)
  27. ^ a b "Hoping for change in Haiti’s Cité-Soleil". International Red Cross. http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2006_2/10-11.html. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 
  28. ^ "Two UN soldiers killed in Haiti". BBC News. January 18 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4622772.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 
  29. ^ "Haiti police visit gang stronghold". BBC Caribbean. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2006/10/061004_soleil.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  30. ^ "Ex-soldiers occupy Aristide home". BBC News. December 16 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4100091.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-16. 
  31. ^ "HAITI: Poor Residents of Capital Describe a State of Siege". ipsnews. http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36772. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  32. ^ "US aid for Cite Soleil". BBC Caribbean. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070202_citesoleilaid.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  33. ^ "UN troops flood into Haiti slum". BBC New. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070211_unhaiti.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-14. 
  34. ^ "UN concerned at Haiti lynchings". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6920240.stm. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  35. ^ "UN chief visits Haiti". BBC Caribbean. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-15. On October 09-2009, there were 11 UN peacekeepers In Haiti who died from a plane crash, in the city of Ganthier
  36. ^ "UN chief visits Haiti". BBC Caribbean. http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  37. ^ "Haiti's children die in UN crossfire". Guardian Unlimited. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2047451,00.html. Retrieved 2007-08-02. 
  38. ^ "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7341683.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  39. ^ "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7353712.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  40. ^ "Juan Gabriele Valdes appointed special representative and head of UN Mission in Haiti". www.un.org. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sga881.doc.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  41. ^ "Secretary-General appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala his special representative in Haiti". www.un.org. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sga1007.doc.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  42. ^ "Secretary-General appoints Hédi Annabi OF Tunisa Special Representative, Head of United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti". www.un.org. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sga1081.doc.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  43. ^ "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4205630.stm. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  44. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Lieutenant General José Elito Siqueira Carvalho new Force Commander of UN Mission in Haiti". www.unis.unvienna.org. http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2006/sga975.html. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  45. ^ "Haiti: Brazilian general to be new Force Commander for UN peacekeeping mission". www.un.org. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21192&Cr=haiti&Cr1=. Retrieved 2008-07-13. 
  46. ^ a b "United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti". United Nations. http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html. Retrieved 2007-11-25. 
  47. ^ a b UN Mission's Contributions by Country, United Nations
  48. ^ Lindsay, Reed. "Peace despite the Peacekeepers in Haiti." NACLA Report on the Americas 39:6 (May 2006):31-6, p.34
  49. ^ Harvard Law Student Advocates for Human Rights and Centro de Justica Global. Keeping the Peace in Haiti? An Assessment of the UN Stabilization Mission In Haiti, March 2005.
  50. ^ Hallward, Peter. Damming the Flood: Haiti, Aristide and the Politics of Containment, p.280. Verso 2007
  51. ^ Klein, Naomi (July 21-28, 2005). "My date with Aristide Ousted Haitian prez reveals he was tossed because he refused to privatize". Now (magazine). http://www.nowtoronto.com/news/story.cfm?content=148513&archive=24,47,2005. Retrieved 20 April 2009. 
  52. ^ "Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network". http://www.margueritelaurent.com/pressclips/haitianlawyers.html. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  53. ^ "Half-Hour for Haiti: Stop “Collateral Damage” in Cite Soleil". Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-15. 
  54. ^ http://www.topix.com/world/haiti/2009/06/a-funeral-and-a-boycott-the-struggle-continues-in-haiti
  55. ^ "Photo of Jimmy Charles in morgue". Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti. http://www.ijdh.org/Charles1.JPG. Retrieved 2009-06-26. 
  56. ^ Admissibility Jimmy Charles v. Haiti, Case 81-06, Report No. 65/06, Inter-Am. C.H.R., OEA/Ser.L/V/II.127 Doc. 4 rev. 1 (2007).

References

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