The United States Disciplinary Barracks (or USDB, popularly known as Leavenworth, the DB, or the Castle) is a military prison located on Fort Leavenworth, a United States Army post in Kansas.
It is one of two major federal prisons built on Fort Leavenworth property. The civilian United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth is four miles south. A third prison the Midwest Joint Regional Confinement Center is scheduled to open nearby on the fort in 2010.[1]
It reports to the United States Army Corrections Command. Its commandant usually holds the rank of Colonel.
The USDB is the U.S. military's only maximum-security facility and houses male service members convicted at court-martial for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Only enlisted prisoners with sentences over five years, commissioned officers, and prisoners convicted of offenses related to national security are confined to the USDB. Enlisted prisoners with sentences under five years are housed in smaller facilities, such as the Regional Correctional Facility at Fort Knox, Kentucky or the Marine Corps Brig at Quantico, Virginia.
Guards for the prison are Army "corrections specialists" trained at the U.S. Army Military Police school located at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, as well as Marine and Air Force corrections personnel.
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History
First USDB
Originally known as the United States Military Prison, the USDB was established by Act of Congress in 1874. Prisoners were used for the majority of construction, which began in 1875 and was completed in 1921. The facility was able to house up to 1,500 prisoners. From 1895 until 1903, prisoners from the USDB were used to construct the nearby United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth[2] until around 400 federal prisoners were moved there to complete the work.
Although work on the two prisons continued at about the same time and they share the same design of a central dome topped building the two prisons reflect dramatically different prison concepts.
The original USDB followed the Pennsylvania plan modeling on a layout of the Eastern State Penitentiary where cell blocks radiated out from a central structure. Individual cells were relatively isolated. In contrast the civilian prison is modeled on the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York reflected a newer concept where prisoners were housed in a large rectangular building where there was a certain amount of communal living.[3]
The original USDB was Fort Leavenworth's biggest and tallest building sitting on top of a hill at the corner of McPherson Avenue and Scott Avenue overlooking the Missouri River. The largest buildings of the original barracks ("The Castle") were torn down in 2004. The old domed building was nicknamed "Little Top" in contrast to the domed federal prison two miles north which was nicknamed the "Big Top."[4]. The walls and 10 of the buildings in the original location remain -- including Pope Hall -- have been converted or are in the process of being converted to other uses at the Fort. The prison's original commandant's house still remains.[5]
The original prison is 12 acres. Its walls were 14 to 41 feet high.
Current facility
A new state-of-the-art, 515-bed, USDB became operational in September 2002 replacing the old stone wall and brick castle.
The new barracks are about a mile north of the original barracks. They are on 51 acres on the site of the former USDB Farm Colony. It is enclosed by two separate 14-foot high fences. There are three housing units each of which can accommodate up to 142. The units described as "pods" are two-tiered triangular shaped domiciles.[6]
The new prison reflects current prison design of smaller low-rise separate buildings where prisoners can be more easily isolated from the general population.[7]
In 2009 the Barracks along with the Standish Maximum Correctional Facility in Michigan are being considered for relocation of 220 prisoners from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Kansas officials including both U.S. Senators have objected to the transfer with Pat Roberts saying the transfer would require the that 2,000 privately-owned acres around the fort would be need to acquired by eminent domain to establish a stand-off zone since the prison is on the perimeter of the fort.[8]
Cemetery
- Main article: Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery
Deceased prisoners who are not claimed by their family members are buried near the original USDB. There were 300 graves dating from between approximately 1894 and 1957, 56 of which are unmarked and 14 more that belong to German prisoners of war executed for the murder of fellow POWs. The German soldiers were executed on two days in 1945 and these were the last mass executions by the United States Government. [9]
Capital punishment
The USDB houses the U.S. military's death row inmates. Since 1945, there have been 21 executions at the USDB, including fourteen German prisoners of war executed in 1945 for murder.[10] The last execution by the U.S. Military was the hanging of Army Pfc. John A. Bennett, on April 13, 1961, for the rape and attempted murder of an 11-year-old Austrian girl. Bennett's execution took place four years after it was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. All executions at the USDB thus far have been by hanging, but lethal injection has been specified as the military's current mode of execution. As of November 12, 2008, there are four prisoners on death row at the USDB, the most recent addition being Andrew P. Witt, the only Air Force member currently on the USDB death row.[11]
The execution of Army private Ronald A. Gray, who has been on military death row since 1988, was approved by President George W. Bush on July 28, 2008. Gray was convicted of the rape, two murders and an attempted murder of three women, two of them Army soldiers and the third a civilian taxi driver whose body was found on the post at Fort Bragg. [12] On November 26th, 2008, a federal judge granted Gray a stay of execution to allow time for further appeals.[13]
Selected inmates
- William Calley - In connection with My Lai Massacre [14]
- John T. Neufeld was a World War I era Mennonite conscientious objector sentenced to 15 years hard labor in the Disciplinary Barracks. Neufeld was paroled to do dairy work and released after serving five months of his sentence.[15]
- Jonathan Wells, who later wrote Icons of Evolution which criticized the teaching of evolution in American schools, served 18 months for refusing military service during the Vietnam war.[16]
See also
References
- ^ Army Corrections Command stands up - Fort Leavenworth Lamp -October 19, 2007
- ^ Named for Henry Leavenworth
- ^ The U.S. Federal Prison System by Mary F. (Francesca) Bosworth - Sage Publications, Inc; 1st edition (July 15, 2002) ISBN 0761923047
- ^ [http://www.landmarks-stl.org/architects/bio/thomas_crane_young
- ^ ACT_moves to new digs in old USDB - Fort Leavenworth Lamp - July 9, 2009
- ^ Title: Part C - The United States Disciplinary Barracks
- ^ The U.S. Federal Prison System by Mary F. (Francesca) Bosworth - Sage Publications, Inc; 1st edition (July 15, 2002) ISBN 0761923047
- ^ Gitmo detainees should not come to Leavenworth - Pat Roberts - Kansas City Star - August 8, 2009
- ^ Fort Leavenworth Military Prison Cemetery from Internment.net
- ^ List of U.S. Military Executions from the Death Penalty information Center
- ^ The U.S. Military Death Penalty from the Death Penalty information Center
- ^ Execution by Military Is Approved by President
- ^ First Military Execution in 50 Years Delayed
- ^ http://www.strategypage.com/militaryforums/512-33690.aspx
- ^ Mock, Melanie Springer (2003). Writing Peace: The Unheard Voices of Great War Mennonite Objectors. Cascadia Publishing House. pp. 203–220. ISBN 1-931038-09-0.
- ^ Wells, Jonathan. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Darwinism and Intelligent Design. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-1596980136.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Fort Leavenworth |
- U.S. Disciplinary Barracks Official Website
- U.S. Army Corrections System - Procedures for Military Executions Army Regulation 190–55, made available through the Federation of American Scientists (.pdf)
Coordinates: 39°22′42.08″N 94°56′07.02″W / 39.3783556°N 94.9352833°W
Additional images
 Historical view of the USDB - Note date above double doors - 1877. |
 Headstone of a German prisoner. |
 Prison cell. |
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