Vaccinium

Vaccinium
Vaccinium berries, from top right: Cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, red huckleberries
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Subfamily:	Vaccinioideae
Tribe:	Vaccinieae
Genus:	Vaccinium L.
Type species
V. uliginosum[1]
Species
See text

Vaccinium (pronounced /vækˈsɪniəm/)^[2] is a genus of shrubs or dwarf shrubs in the plant Family Ericaceae. The fruit of many species are eaten by humans and some are of commercial importance, including the cranberry, blueberry, bilberry or whortleberry, lingonberry or cowberry, and huckleberry. Like many other ericaceous plants, they are generally restricted to acidic soils.

Distribution

The genus contains about 450 species, which are found mostly in the cooler areas of the Northern Hemisphere, although there are tropical species from areas as widely separated as Madagascar and Hawaii.

Etymology

The name vaccinium was used in classical Latin for a type of berry (probably the bilberry V. myrtillus), but its ultimate derivation is obscure; it has nothing to do with vaccinum "of or pertaining to cows", but may be a corruption of Latin bacca, berry.^[3]

Characteristics

The plants require acidic soils, and as wild plants they live in habitats such as heath, bog and acidic woodland. The plant structure varies between species – some trail along the ground, some are dwarf shrubs, and some are larger shrubs perhaps 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) tall. The fruit develops from an inferior ovary, and is a false berry; it is usually brightly coloured, often being red or bluish with purple juice.

Food uses

Vaccinium species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Vaccinium.

Taxonomy

The taxonomy is complex, and still under investigation. A number of the Asian species are more closely related to Agapetes than to other Vaccinium species.^[4][5] A second group includes most of Orthaea and Notopora, at least some of Gaylussacia (huckleberry), and a number of species from Vaccinium, such as Vaccinium crassifolium.^[4] Other parts of Vaccinium form other groups, sometimes together with species of other genera.^[4]

Subgenera

Vaccinium oxycoccos, One kind of cranberries

A classification which predates molecular phylogeny divides Vaccinium into subgenera, and several sections:

Subgenus Oxycoccus

The cranberries, with slender, trailing, wiry non-woody shoots and strongly reflexed flower petals. Some botanists treat Oxycoccus as a distinct genus.

• Sect. Oxycoccus
  • Vaccinium macrocarpon (American Cranberry)
  • Vaccinium microcarpum (Small Cranberry)
  • Vaccinium oxycoccus (Common Cranberry)
• Sect. Oxycoccoides
  • Vaccinium erythrocarpum (Southern Mountain Cranberry)

Subgenus Vaccinium

All the other species, with thicker, upright woody shoots and bell-shaped flowers.

• Sect. Batodendron
  • Vaccinium arboreum (Sparkleberry) (images)
  • Vaccinium crassifolium (Creeping blueberry)
• Sect. Brachyceratium
  • Vaccinium dependens
• Sect. Bracteata
  • Vaccinium acrobracteatum
  • Vaccinium barandanum
  • Vaccinium bracteatum
  • Vaccinium coriaceum
  • Vaccinium cornigerum
  • Vaccinium cruentum
  • Vaccinium hooglandii
  • Vaccinium horizontale
  • Vaccinium laurifolium
  • Vaccinium lucidum
  • Vaccinium myrtoides
  • Vaccinium phillyreoides
  • Vaccinium reticulatovenosum
  • Vaccinium sparsum
  • Vaccinium varingifolium
• Sect. Ciliata
  • Vaccinium ciliatum
  • Vaccinium oldhamii
• Sect. Cinctosandra
  • Vaccinium exul
• Sect. Conchophyllum
  • Vaccinium corymbodendron
  • Vaccinium delavayi
  • Vaccinium emarginatum
  • Vaccinium griffithianum
  • Vaccinium meridionale
  • Vaccinium moupinense (Himalayan Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium neilgherrense
  • Vaccinium nummularia
  • Vaccinium retusum
• Sect. Cyanococcus (blueberries)
  • Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium boreale (Northern Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium caesariense (New Jersey Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium darrowii (Evergreen Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium elliottii (Elliott's Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium formosum
  • Vaccinium fuscatum (Black Highbush Blueberry; syn. V. atrococcum)
  • Vaccinium hirsutum
  • Vaccinium koreanum
  • Vaccinium myrsinites (Evergreen Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium myrtilloides (Canadian Blueberry)
  • Vaccinium pallidum (Dryland Blueberry) (images)
  • Vaccinium simulatum
  • Vaccinium tenellum
  • Vaccinium virgatum (Rabbiteye Blueberry; syn. V. ashei)
• Sect. Eococcus
  • Vaccinium fragile
• Sect. Epigynium
  • Vaccinium vacciniaceum
• Sect. Galeopetalum
  • Vaccinium chunii
  • Vaccinium dunalianum
  • Vaccinium glaucoalbum
  • Vaccinium urceolatum
• Sect. Hemimyrtillus
  • Vaccinium arctostaphylos
  • Vaccinium cylindraceum
  • Vaccinium hirtum
  • Vaccinium padifolium
  • Vaccinium smallii
• Sect. Myrtillus
  • Vaccinium calycinum Sm. - Ōhelo kau laʻau (Hawaiʻi)
  • Vaccinium cespitosum (Dwarf bilberry)
  • Vaccinium deliciosum (Cascade Bilberry)
  • Vaccinium dentatum Sm. - Ōhelo (Hawaiʻi)
  • Vaccinium membranaceum
  • Vaccinium myrtillus (Bilberry)
  • Vaccinium ovalifolium (Alaska Blueberry; syn. V. alaskaense)
  • Vaccinium parvifolium (Red Huckleberry)
  • Vaccinium praestans - Krasnika in Russian (Russian: Красника)
  • Vaccinium reticulatum Sm. - Ōhelo ʻai (Hawaiʻi)
  • Vaccinium scoparium (Grouse Whortleberry)
• Sect. Neurodesia
  • Vaccinium crenatum
• Sect. Oarianthe
  • Vaccinium ambyandrum
  • Vaccinium cyclopense
• Sect. Oreades
  • Vaccinium poasanum
• Sect. Pachyanthum
  • Vaccinium fissiflorum
• Sect. Polycodium
  • Vaccinium stamineum L. - Deerberry; syn. V. caesium (Eastern North America) (images)
• Sect. Pyxothamnus
  • Vaccinium consanguineum
  • Vaccinium floribundum
  • Vaccinium ovatum Pursh - California Huckleberry (Northwestern North America)
• Sect. Vaccinium
  • Vaccinium uliginosum L. - Northern (or Bog) Bilberry; syn. V. occidentale (Northern North America and Eurasia)
• Sect. Vitis-idaea
  • Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. - Cowberry, Lingonberry (Northern North America and Eurasia)

Production

Harvest cranberries, New Jersey, United States

References

1. ^ "Vaccinium Linnaeus" (HTML). Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. 2003-02-05. http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Vaccinium. Retrieved 2008-05-09. 
2. ^ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary
4. ^ ^{a b c} Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell and J. L. Luteyn (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from MATK and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of Satyria". American Journal of Botany 89: 327–336. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.2.327. http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/2/327. 
5. ^ "Vaccinium". Flora of China. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134285. 

External links

• Germplasm Resources Information Network: Vaccinium
• Vaccinium Botany.com
• Vaccinium information from NPGS/GRIN
• VACCINIUM; Species of the Genus Vaccinium