Vehicle-to-grid

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which electric or plug-in hybrid vehicles communicate with the power grid to sell demand response services by either delivering electricity into the grid or by throttling their charging rate.^[1][2]

Vehicle-to-grid can be used with such gridable vehicles, this is, plugin vehicles (this is, electric vehicles as Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) or Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles), with grid capacity. Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time, their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back, with a value to the utilities of up to $4,000 per year per car.^[3]

One notable V2G project in the United States is at the University of Delaware, where a V2G team headed by Dr. Willett Kempton has been conducting on-going research. Their goals are to educate about the environmental and economic benefits of V2G and enhance the product market.^[4] Other investigators are the Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Xcel Energy, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, and, in the United Kingdom, the University of Warwick.^[5]

History

The company AC Propulsion Inc. coined the term V2G for vehicle-to-grid.^[6]

Three versions

V2G is a version of Battery-to-grid power applied to vehicles. There are three different versions of the vehicle-to-grid concept:

• A hybrid or Fuel cell vehicle, which generates power from storable fuel, uses its generator to produce power for a utility at peak electricity usage times. Here the vehicles serve as a distributed generation system, producing power from conventional fossil fuels or hydrogen.
• A battery-powered or hybrid vehicle which uses its excess rechargeable battery capacity to provide power to the electric grid during peak load times. These vehicles can then be recharged during off-peak hours at cheaper rates while helping to absorb excess night time generation. Here the vehicles serve as a distributed battery storage system to buffer power.
• A solar vehicle which uses its excess charging capacity to provide power to the electric grid when the battery is fully charged. Here the vehicle effectively becomes a small renewable energy power station. Such systems have been in use since the 1990s and are routinely used in the case of large vehicles, especially solar-powered boats.

Peak load leveling

The concept allows V2G vehicles to provide power to help balance loads by "valley filling" (charging at night when demand is low) and "peak shaving" (sending power back to the grid when demand is high). It can enable utilities new ways to provide regulation services (keeping voltage and frequency stable) and provide spinning reserves (meet sudden demands for power). In future development, it has been proposed that such use of electric vehicles could buffer renewable power sources such as wind power, for example, by storing excess energy produced during windy periods and providing it back to the grid during high load periods, thus effectively stabilizing the intermittency of wind power. Some see this application of vehicle-to-grid technology as a renewable energy approach that can penetrate the baseline electric market.

It has been proposed that public utilities would not have to build as many natural gas or coal-fired power plants to meet peak demand or as an insurance policy against blackouts^[7] Since demand can be measured locally by a simple frequency measurement, dynamic load leveling can be provided as needed.^[8]

Related Terms

carbitrage: This is a fusion of 'car' and 'arbitrage'. When the electric utility would like to buy power from the V2G network, it holds an auction. The car owners are able to define the parameters under which they will sell energy from their battery pack. Many factors would be considered when setting minimum sale price including the cost of the secondary fuel in a PHEV and battery cycle wear. When this minimum price is satisfied, it is deemed as meeting carbitrage. ^[9]

Backup power solutions

V2G could also be used as a buffer during power outages. As the New York Times explains:

However, at the present time many electric vehicle conversion owners, whose battery of choice is still lead acid with limited cycle lives and capacity, would prefer to use them to power their cars rather than load-balance the electricity grid.

Future battery developments^[10] may change the economic equation, making it advantageous to use newer high capacity and longer-lived batteries in BEV/PHEVs and in grid load balancing and as a large energy cache for renewable grid resources. Even if cycled daily, such batteries would only require replacement/recycling every 55 years or so. Since BEVs can have up to 50 kWh worth of battery storage they represent somewhat more than the average home's daily energy demand. Even without a PHEV's gas generation capabilities such a vehicle could be used for emergency power for several days (for example, lighting, refrigerators etc with combined load of 1 kW could be powered for 50 hours)^{[citation needed]}. This would be an example of V2H or Vehicle-to-home transmission. As such they may be seen as a complementary technology for intermittent renewable power resources such as wind or solar electric.

Utilities

These utilities currently have V2G technology trials:

• PG&E, USA, converting a number of company-owned Toyota Prius to be V2G PHEVs at Google's campus
• Xcel Energy, USA, converting six Ford Escape Hybrids to PHEVs with V2G

Current Projects

University of Delaware

Dr. Willett Kempton, Dr. Suresh Advani, and Dr. Ajay Prasad are the researchers at University of Delaware who are currently conducting research on the V2G technology, with Dr. Kempton being the lead on the project. Dr. Kempton has published a number of articles on the technology and the concept, many of which can be found on the V2G project page ^[4]. The group is involved in researching the technology itself as well as its performance when used on the grid. In addition to the technical research, the team has worked with Dr. Meryl Gardner, a Marketing professor in the Alfred Lerner College of Business and Economic at the University of Delaware, to develop marketing strategies for both consumer and corporate fleet adoption ^[11]

Skepticism

There is some skepticism among experts about the feasibility of V2G. As the New York Times states:

An Environmental Defense representative stated: "It’s hard to take seriously the promises made for plug-in hybrids with 30 miles (48 km) all-electric range or any serious V2G application any time soon. It’s still in the science project stage."^[5]

The Vehicle-to-grid potential of Honda’s full hybrid vehicles is unexplored, but Honda is doubtful of using them to power homes. "We would not like to see stresses on the battery pack caused by putting it through cycles it wasn’t designed for," said a Honda spokesman. "Instead, they should buy a Honda generator that was made for that purpose."^[5]

Poor net efficiency. Charging a fairly efficient battery system from the grid is at best 70 to 80% efficient. Returning that energy from the battery to the grid, which includes "inverting" the DC power back to AC with efficiencies of about 90% yields 63 - 72% energy return to the system. This needs to be factored against potential cost savings as well as the additional wear and tear on the batteries and especially increased emissions if the original source of power is fossil based.

Not all skepticism is warranted. Federal Energy Regulatory Commissioner Jon Wellinghoff points out that partial grid regulation (absorbing excess surges, but not supplying peak power) can be done without decreasing the life of the battery. This can be done "without affecting the charge whatsoever." ^[12]

See also

Electric vehicles portal

Energy portal

• Charge Control
• Charging station
• Distributed generation
• Electranet
• Electrical substation
• Electricity meter
• Energy demand management
• Feed-in Tariff
• Grid energy storage
• Grid-tied electrical system
• Inverter (electrical)
• Load profile
• Load balancing (electrical power)
• Operating reserve
• Peaking power plant
• Power outage
• Small is Profitable
• Smart meter
• Unified Smart Grid

References

1. ^ Cleveland, Cutler J.; Morris, Christopher (2006). Dictionary of Energy. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0080445780.  Page 473.
2. ^ "Pacific Gas and Electric Company Energizes Silicon Valley With Vehicle-to-Grid Technology". Pacific Gas & Electric. 2007-04-07. http://www.pge.com/about/news/mediarelations/newsreleases/q2_2007/070409.shtml. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 
3. ^ "Car Prototype Generates Electricity, And Cash". Science Daily. December 9 2007. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071203133532.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-05. 
4. ^ ^{a b} "V2G : Vehicle to Grid Power". June 2001. http://www.udel.edu/V2G. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
5. ^ ^{a b c d e} Motavalli, Jim (September 2 2007). "Power to the People: Run Your House on a Prius". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/02/automobiles/02POWER.html. 
6. ^ Emadi, Ali (2005). Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives - Page 34. Page 34
7. ^ Woody, Todd. "PG&E's Battery Power Plans Could Jump Start Electric Car Market." (Blog). Green Wombat, 2007-06-12. Retrieved on 2007-08-19.
8. ^ Frequency adaptive, power-energy re-scheduler (Patent)
9. ^ RMI Smart Garage Charrette Report
10. ^ "Toshiba's New Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Battery Recharges in Only One Minute". Toshiba Corporation. March 29 2005. http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2005_03/pr2901.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-05.  (Press release)
11. ^ Boyle, Elizabeth (November 28 2007). "V2G Generates Electricity--And Cash". UDaily. http://www.udel.edu/PR/UDaily/2008/nov/car112807.html. 
12. ^ "Plug-in Electric Vehicles 2008: What Role for Washington" Conference transcript, page 347, hosted by Brookings Institution and Google.org on 11-12 June 2008[1]

External links

• Diehl, Stephen. "Study suggests electric cars could pay their owners back" (^{[dead link]}). Green Mountain College. http://www.greenmtn.edu/news/V2G.asp. 
• Kempton, Willett (6 June 2005). "Automobiles: Designing the 21st century fleet" (PDF). Seattle V2G Technical Symposium, University of Delaware. http://www.sustainableballard.org/ev2g/pdf/Kempton-V2G-Designing-June05.pdf.  [PDF]
• Penney, Terry; Jennifer Elling (August 2005). "The Race to Connect Cars, Communities and Renewables". Geotimes.org. http://www.geotimes.org/aug05/feature_pluginhybrid.html. 
• Snider, Laura (October 2008). "Boulder County's cars to feed the grid". Daily Camera. http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2008/oct/23/countys-cars-to-feed-the-grid/. 
• Woody, Todd (June 12 2007). "PG&E's Battery Power Plans Could Jump Start Electric Car Market" (^{[dead link]} – ^{Scholar search}). Blogs.business2.com. http://blogs.business2.com/greenwombat/2007/06/photo_green_wom.html. 
• Woolsey, Jim; Sexton, Chelsea; Brilliant, Larry. "RechargIT: Plug-in Hybrids and V2G". Youtube.com. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDjSbWTJbdo. 

• "20kW DC/AC Power Inverter Preliminary Specifications, For Distributed Power Applications" (^{[dead link]} – ^{Scholar search}). UQM Technologies, Inc.. March 3. http://www.uqm.com/products/specsheets/Power%20Inverter.html. 
• "Electric Drive Transportation Association". EDTA. http://www.evaa.org/. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 
• "Electrifying Times Magazine, Latest Electric Car News". Electrifying Times Magazine. http://www.electrifyingtimes.com/. 
• "EV World". EV World. http://evworld.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-05.  "Welcome to EV World, online since 1998. We invite you to explore the fascinating world of sustainable transportation technologies, the energy that powers it and the people who are making it happen."
• "Hybrid Center". Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.hybridcenter.org/. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 
• "Real Hybrid Mileage Database". Green Hybrid. http://www.greenhybrid.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 
• "Reports, Papers, and Presentations" (^{[dead link]}). AC Propulsion Inc. (Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann). 2000. ISBN 0750646365. http://www.acpropulsion.com/resources/reports.htm. 
• "V2G: Vehicle to Grid Power". University of Delaware research program. http://www.udel.edu/V2G/. 
• "V2Green". http://www.v2green.com/. Retrieved 2007-10-05.  Company promoting v2G technology.
• "World's First V2G Demo". The California Cars Initiative. October 22 2007. http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/862.html. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 

Related forums

• "gridable-hybrids". autos.groups.yahoo.com. http://autos.groups.yahoo.com/group/gridable-hybrids/. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 
• "priusplus". autos.groups.yahoo.com. http://autos.groups.yahoo.com/group/priusplus/messages. Retrieved 2007-10-05. 
• "Calcars". groups.yahoo.com. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/calcars-news/messages. Retrieved 2007-10-05.