Veliko Tŭrnovo (vĕlē'kō tûr'nōvō), formerly Trnovo or Tirnovo, city (1993 pop. 69,059), N central Bulgaria, on the Yantra River. It is a commercial center and produces foodstuffs, textiles, and leather. Trnovo is the seat of an Eastern Orthodox metropolitan. The site was probably a Roman fortress. The second Bulgarian kingdom came into existence at Trnovo when Ivan I was proclaimed czar in 1186. It was the capital of Bulgaria under Ivan II, who built (1230) the Church of the Forty Martyrs. The city fell to the Turks in 1393. A Bulgarian constitution was drafted in 1879 at Trnovo, where the full independence of Bulgaria was proclaimed in 1908. In 1965 the city was renamed Veliko ("Greater") Tŭrnovo. A university is located there.
Veliko Tŭrnovo
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| Veliko Tarnovo Велико Търново |
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  Veliko Tarnovo
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| Coordinates: 43°05′N 25°39′E / 43.083°N 25.65°E | |||
| Country |  Bulgaria |
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| Province (Oblast) |
Veliko Tarnovo | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Rumen Rashev | ||
| Elevation | 325 m (1,066 ft) | ||
| Population (2008-06-16) | |||
| - Total | 71,546 | ||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
| Postal Code | 5000 | ||
| Area code(s) | 062 | ||
Veliko Tarnovo (Bulgarian: Велико Търново, sometimes transliterated as Veliko Turnovo) is a city in north central Bulgaria and the administrative centre of Veliko Tarnovo Province. Often referred to as the "City of the Tsars", Veliko Turnovo is located on the Yantra River and is famous as the historical capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, attracting many tourists with its unique architecture.
The old city is situated on three hills, Tsarevets, Trapezitsa and Sveta Gora raising amidst the meanders of the Yantra. Tsarevets housed the palaces of the Bulgarian Emperors and the Patriarchate, as well as a number of administrative and residential edifices surrounded by thick walls. Trapezitsa was known for its many churches and as the main residence of the nobility. In the Middle Ages it was among the main European centres of culture and gave its name to the Tarnovo Artistic School of architecture, painting and literature.
Veliko Tarnovo is an important administrative, economic, educational and cultural centre of Northern Bulgaria.
In the present day, the population ofVeliko Tarnovo's is growing quickly, especcially in the past 5-6 year[citation needed]. Today (according to unofficial sources), the population is around 105 000 inhabitants, this does not include the metropolitan area (in American style, which is 30–40 miles radius of circle around the city)[citation needed], which it is believed to contain more than 250 000 inhabitants. The largest neighberhood is called "Pishmana", it was build during the communist era at the beginning of the 1970s, the main buildings are type block apartments or so called "projects"[citation needed]. Today the population of this area is around 40,000. An interesting fact is that this neighberhood is build in really small area and the number of people per square kilometre are enormous[citation needed].
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History
Prehistory and Antiquity
Veliko Tarnovo is one of the oldest settlements in Bulgaria, having a history of more than 5 millennia, as the first traces of human presence dating from the 3rd millennium BC are on Trapezitsa Hill.
Middle Ages
Veliko Tarnovo grew quickly to become the strongest Bulgarian fortification of the Middle Ages between the 12th and 14th century and the most important political, economic, cultural and religious centre of the empire. The city was described by Bulgarian cleric Gregory Tsamblak in the 14th century as "a very large city, handsome and surrounded by walls with 12,000 to 15,000 inhabitants"[1].
In the 14th century as the Byzantine Empire weakened, Tarnovo claimed to be the Third Rome based on its preeminent cultural influence in the Balkans and the Slavic Orthodox world.
As the capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, Tarnovo was a quasi-cosmopolitan city, with many foreign merchants and envoys. It is known that Tarnovo had Armenian, Jewish and Roman Catholic ("Frankish") merchant quarters[1] besides a dominant Bulgarian population. The discovery of three Gothic statuette heads indicates there may have also been a Catholic church.[2]
Ottoman rule
The city flourished and grew for 200 years. Тhe political upsurge and spiritual development were discontinued in 1393 on 17 July, when after vigorous resistance to a 3-month siege Veliko Tarnovo was seized and the whole Bulgarian Empire was destroyed by the invader — the Ottoman Empire. Medieval Bulgaria's towns and villages, monasteries and churches, were burnt to ashes.
Veliko Tarnovo, known in the Middle Ages as Tarnovgrad (Търновград) and known during the Ottoman rule as Tırnova, was the location of two uprisings against Ottoman rule, in 1598 (the First Tarnovo Uprising) and 1686 (the Second Tarnovo Uprising), both of which failed to liberate Bulgaria. Tarnovo was a district (sanjak) centre at first in Rumelia Province (eyalet), after that in Silistria Province and finally in Danube Province before becoming part of the Principality of Bulgaria.
Tarnovgrad (Tırnova to Ottomans), along with the rest of present-day Bulgaria, remained under Ottoman rule until the 19th century, when national identity and culture reasserted themselves as a strengthening resistance movement. The idea of the establishment of an independent Bulgarian church and nation motivated the 1875 and 1876 uprisings in town. On 23 April 1876, the April Uprising marked the beginning of the end of the Ottoman occupation. It was soon followed by the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878).
Liberated Bulgaria
On 7 July 1877, Russian general Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko liberated Veliko Tarnovo, ending the 480-year-rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1878, the Treaty of Berlin created a Principality of Bulgaria between the Danube and the Stara Planina range, with its seat at the old Bulgarian capital of Veliko Tarnovo.
On 17 April 1879, the first National Assembly convened in Veliko Turnovo to ratify the state's first constitution, known as the Tarnovo Constitution, the key result of which resulted in the transfer of Parliament from Tarnovgrad to Sofia, which today remains the Bulgarian capital.
In deference to the city's past, Tsar Ferdinand Saxe-Coburg Gotha chose the St Forty Martyrs Church in Veliko Tarnovo as the place to declare the complete independence of Bulgaria on 5 October 1908.
In 1965, the city, then officially known as Tarnovo, was renamed to Veliko Tarnovo (Great Tarnovo) to commemorate its rich history and importance. '
Main sights
One of Bulgaria's primary tourist destinations, Veliko Tarnovo boasts many historical monuments and landmarks, such as
- ruins of the castle Tsarevets on the hill of the same name, which housed the royal and patriarchal palace
- Trapezitsa, the second fortress of the inner city on the right bank of Yantra
- Church of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki
- SS. Forty Martyrs Church
- Church of SS. Peter and Paul
- the numerous Bulgarian National Revival buildings with their typical architecture
- museum of the Bulgarian Revival and the Constituent Assembly, located in the old Ottoman municipal building built by Nikola Fichev
- Archeological Museum, which keeps numerous founds and remains of the ancient history of these lands
- Samovodska Charshia, the old trade street which sheltered skilful craftsmen through the Revival Period and even today many of the houses and the workshops are fully restored
- the House with the Monkey and Mother Bulgaria monument, both on the main street
- Gurko Street, an illustration of Bulgarian Revival architectural style where it is possible to visit the Sarafkina House
- church of St. Constantine and Helena, with panoramic view over the Yantra River and the Asens' Monument
- Stambolov's Bridge, which is the way to the Asens' Monument and the City Art Gallery
Higher education
- Veliko Tarnovo University
- The "Vasil Levski" National Defence University with its
- Combined Forces Facility (Former Higher Military School of Ground Forces, now also providing basic military knowledge for air force and navy cadets)
Photos
Notable people
Born in Veliko Tarnovo
- Patriarch Evtimiy (c. 1325–c. 1403), cleric
- Gregory Tsamblak (c. 1365–1420), cleric, Metropolitan of Kiev
- Petko Slaveykov (1827–1895), writer and politician
- Stefan Stambolov (1854–1895), politician, Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- Vasil Zlatarski (1866–1935), historian
- Vesela Lecheva (born 1964), sportswoman and politician
- Krassimir Balakov (born 1966), footballer
- Maria Ilieva, singer
- Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov (born 1983), professional sumo wrestler (Kotooshu Katsunori)
Died in Veliko Tarnovo
- Saint Sava (c. 1175–c. 1236), first Archbishop of Serbia'
- Bacho Kiro (1835–1876), revolutionary, teacher and writer
- Dobri Voynikov (1833–1878), cultural figure
- Kolyu Ficheto (1800–1881), architect
Living in Veliko Tarnovo
- Trifon Ivanov (born 1965), former international football player.
- Varban Minev (born 1948), Chairman of The National Association "Traditzia" in Veliko Tarnovo and Honorary Citizen of the town
Twin cities
Veliko Tarnovo is twinned with the following cities:[3]
Honour
Tarnovo Ice Piedmont on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Veliko Tarnovo.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Veliko Tarnovo |
- Veliko Tarnovo at the Open Directory Project
- Veliko Tarnovo in English
- Veliko Tarnovo Tourist Information and media
- Veliko Tarnovo - Photo Blog
- Veliko Tarnovo Photos
References
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