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Video journalism or videojournalism is a form of broadcast journalism, where the production of video content in which the journalist shoots, edits and often presents his or her own material.
A predecessor to video journalism first appeared in the 1960s in the USA, when reporters had to write and shoot their own stories.[1] Michael Rosenblum compared the introduction of video cameras to the invention of the portable camera in the 1930s: film spools of plastic made photography independent from heavy plates and tripods, and digital video technology liberates TV from heavy cameras, artificial light and studios in much the same manner. Video journalism makes it possible to document any event while it is still occurring.[2].
In the early 1990s, the news channel New York 1 was the first to hire only video journalists.[3] In the mid-1990s, the first German private stations followed the example of NY1, and in 1994, the regional channel Bayerischer Rundfunk became the first public broadcasting station to follow suit and hire a number of video journalists.[1]
In 2001 the BBC started to switch to video journalism in all its regional offices.[4]. As of June 2005 the BBC has more than 600 of its staff trained as video journalists.[5] Other broadcasting entities who now use video journalism include Voice of America and Video News International.[6] It also seems to be becoming more widespread among newspapers, with the Washington Post alone employing six video journalists. [7]
The Press Association (UK) is behind a training programme which "converts" regional journalists into video journalists, more than 100 as of March 2007. [8]
In Australia, several commercial networks employ Video Journalists. They include WIN News, Golden West Network (GWN) and Network Ten. Increasing popularity in online news has seen Video Journalists employed by Fairfax, News Limited and The West Australian Newspaper Holdings to produce video content for their news websites.
In Canada, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation made a widespread move into hiring video journalists (or retraining existing reporters or camera people to do multiple jobs) in the late 1990’s. In most cases, they were assigned to local newsrooms to do daily news, just as full crews had before. Primarily, it was a cost-saving measure.
Within a few years, however, it was clear that this rarely produced good results because of short deadlines and the assumption that VJ’s could work the same way and on the same stories. The effort was scaled back.
The exception turned out to be video journalists who work more as independent documentary film-makers, using their mobility and easier access to do stories that don’t have short deadlines. One example of this is award-winning video journalist Sasa Petricic, who works for CBC’s flagship daily newscast, The National, and reports solo from around the world.
Pros and cons
Growth in video journalism coincides with changes in video technology and falling costs. As quality cameras and editing systems have become smaller and available at a fraction of their previous prices, the single operator method has spread. [9]
Some argue that video journalists can to get closer to the story, avoiding the impersonality that may come with larger crewing. In addition, the dramatically lower costs have made possible the birth of many cinéma vérité-style documentary films and series. Others see this method of production as a dilution of skills and quality driven by TV management cost cutting incentives.[10]
There is a move towards finding independent distribution for freelance video journalists. One of the issues is copyright, which can be difficult to obtain when broadcasters and agencies insist on full ownership of the footage. The other difficulty can be trying to find distribution beyond established contacts. Increasingly, online companies such as Beamups are giving VJs the opportunity to keep ownership of their stories and find global distribution.
The BBC VideoJournalist has produced a practical guide to 'intimate storytelling' as a videojournalist which is available on the videojournalism pages of the University of Winchester journalism education pages.
Other Names
A video journalist is often referred to simply as a "VJ". Other titles for the same or similar job include:
- Solo VJ [11]
- One Man Band or "OMB"[12]
- Multi-Media Journalist or "MMJ"[13]
- Backpack Journalist[14]
- Solo journalist or "SoJo"[15]
Notes and references
- ^ a b Roman Mischel: Definition, Geschichte und Gegenwart, onlinejournalismus.de, 9. Februar 2005 (21. November 2006)
- ^ Michael Rosenblum: Vom Zen des Videojournalismus, in: Andre Zalbertus/ Rosenblum, Michael: Videojournalismus. Uni Edition, 2003, ISBN 3937151109, S. 17-75
- ^ "Station History". TV channel. 2007-05-08. http://www.ny1.com/ny1/AboutNY1/ny1_info.jsp. Retrieved 2007-05-02.
- ^ Andre Zalbertus: Vom Abenteuer einer Revolution in Deutschland, in: Andre Zalbertus/ Rosenblum, Michael: Videojournalismus. Uni Edition, 2003, ISBN 3937151109, S. 11-15
- ^ "BBC hosts European video journalism conference". British Broadcasting Corporation. 2005-07-01. http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/07_july/01/vj.shtml. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- ^ "Video Journalists: More Crews, More Coverage, More Ratings". TVB, Television Broadcast. 2006-09-18. http://televisionbroadcast.com/articles/article_1091.shtml. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ^ "Q&A with Travis Fox, video journalist for washingtonpost.com". USC Annenberg Online Journalism Review. 2006-09-18. http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/600916Junnarkar/. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
- ^ "In the frame for video journalism". Press Gazette. 2007-04-23. http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=37397. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
- ^ "Democratizing TV: The BBC". TVSpy. 2002-09-17. http://www.tvspy.com/nexttv/nexttvcolumn.cfm?t_nexttv_id=480&page=1&t_content_cat_id=20. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ "'Video journalists' Inevitable revolution or way to cut TV jobs?". Online Journalism Review. 2005-02-08. http://www.ojr.org/ojr/wiki/video_journalists/. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- ^ David Dunkley Gyimah
- ^ “One Man Band” Video Journalist Model Proliferates
- ^ News Director Gives Backpack Journalism a Try
- ^ New technology gives birth to 'backpack journalist'
- ^ Meet Kevin Sites, conflict, war correspondent & solo journalist
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