Volleyball at the Summer Olympics

Volleyball at the Summer Olympics
Governing body	FIVB
Events	4 (men: 2; women: 2)
Games
1896 • 1900 • 1904 • 1908 • 1912 • 1920 1924 • 1928 • 1932 • 1936 • 1948 • 1952 1956 • 1960 • 1964 • 1968 • 1972 • 1976 1980 • 1984 • 1988 • 1992 • 1996 • 2000 2004 • 2008
Medalists

Volleyball has been contested as an indoor sport at the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. Beach volleyball was introduced at the 1992 Games, and has been an official Olympic sport since 1996.

History

Origins

The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. Consideration of its addition to the Olympic program, however, was given only after World War II, with the foundation of the FIVB and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964.

The volleyball Olympic tournament was originally a simple competition, whose format paralleled the one still employed in the World Cup: all teams played against each other team and then were ranked by wins, set average and point average. One disadvantage of this round-robin system is that medal winners could be determined before the end of the games, making the audience lose interest in the outcome of the remaining matches.

To cope with this situation, the competition was split into two phases: a "final round" was introduced, consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals and finals. Since its creation in 1972, this new system has become the standard for the volleyball Olympic tournament, and is usually referred to as the "Olympic format".

The number of teams involved in the games has grown steadily since 1964. Since 1996, both men's and women's indoor events count 12 participant nations. Each of the five continental volleyball confederations has at least one affiliated national federation involved in the Olympic Games.

Beach volleyball was a demonstration sport at the 1992 Summer Olympics, and was introduced as an official Olympic event in 1996. A total of 24 teams participate in each beach volleyball Olympic tournament. Teams qualify on the basis of their performance in FIVB events over the course of approximately 18 months leading up to the Olympics. There is a limit of two teams per country, and one spot each is reserved for the host country and a randomly chosen wildcard country. In the event that any continent is not represented, the highest ranked team from that continent qualifies for the tournament.

Men's indoor volleyball

The first two editions of the volleyball Olympic tournament were won by the Soviet Union. Third in 1964 and runner-up in 1968, Japan won gold in 1972. In 1976, the introduction of a new offensive skill, the back row attack, helped Poland win the competition over the Soviets in a very tight five-setter.

In 1980, many of the strongest teams in men's volleyball belonged to the Eastern Bloc, so the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics did not have as great an effect on these events as it had on the women's. The USSR collected their third Olympic gold medal with a 3-1 victory over Bulgaria.

With a Soviet-led boycott in 1984, the United States confirmed their new volleyball leadership in the Western World by sweeping smoothly over Brazil at the finals. In that edition a minor nation, Italy, won its first medal, but Italy would rise to prominence in volleyball in later years.

A long-awaited confrontation between the western and eastern volleyball leaders came in 1988: powerplayers Karch Kiraly and Steve Timmons pushed the USA to a second gold medal setting the issue in favor of the Americans.

In 1992, Brazil upset favorites Unified Team, Netherlands, and Italy for a first Olympic championship. Runner-up Netherlands, with Ron Zwerver and Olof van der Meulen, came back in the following edition for a five-set win, again over Italy. In spite of their success in other competitions, Italy did not fare well at the Olympics. After winning bronze in 1996, Serbia and Montenegro, led by Vladimir and Nikola Grbic, beat Russia at the finals in 2000 to secure the gold (in 1996 and 2000 they played under the name Federal Republic of Yugoslavia).

In 2004, Brazil beat Italy in the final, adding a second gold medal to its record and confirming its role as a superpower of 2000s.

Gold medals seem more evenly distributed in men's volleyball than in women's: United States and the former Soviet Union have three; and Brazil, two; the remaining four editions of the Volleyball Olympic Tournament were won each by a different country. The remaining major force, Italy, is runner-up to the USSR in total number of medals, but still lacks a gold medal.

Women's indoor volleyball

The opening edition of the volleyball Olympic tournament, in 1964, was won by Japan, the host nation. There followed two victories in a row by the Soviet Union, in 1968 and 1972. Japan came back again in 1976 for one last Olympic gold before losing the status of volleyball superpower.

The American-led boycott of the 1980 Games left many strong volleyball nations like Japan and South Korea out of the games. As a result, the USSR easily secured a third Olympic gold medal.

In 1984, the Eastern bloc was, in its turn, boycotting the games, and once more many strong volleyball nations like the USSR, East Germany and Cuba did not participate. In spite of this, and much to the distress of local fans, host nation USA lost the finals in straight sets to a communist nation, China. With eastern and western nations again involved in the Olympics, the USSR obtained a remarkable victory over Peru after trailing 0-2 in 1988's finals. This was the most dramatic female match according to the official FIVB's first century tape. However, the 1988 games were marred by the boycott of Cuba, which might have won the gold medal had it competed.

1992 saw a new force go down in Olympic history: organized under the name Unified Team, the remnants of former Soviet Union went as far as the finals, but did not resist the power play of the young, rising Cuban squad. Led by superstars Mireya Luis and Regla Torres, Cuba would eventually set the record for consecutive wins in the Olympic Games by also taking the gold in 1996 and 2000.

In 2004, the winner was once again China. Second was Russia who beat Brazil in a very tough semifinal match.

The twelve editions of the Volleyball Olympic Tournament were won by only five different countries: Brazil, Soviet Union, Cuba, China and Japan.

Men's beach volleyball

Men's beach volleyball was added to the Olympics in the 1996 Atlanta games. On Atlanta, US's Kiraly/Steffes won gold, beating US's Dodd/Whitmarsh who took silver. Canada's Child/Heese took bronze.

In the 2000 Sydney Olympic games, US's Blanton/Fonoimoana took gold beating Brazil's Zé Marco/Ricardo who took silver, Germany's Ahmann/Hager won bronze.

In the 2004 Athens Olympic games, Brazil's Santos/Rego took gold defeating Spain's Bosma/Herrera, who took silver. Switzerland's Kobel/Heuscher beat out the tough Australian team of Prosser/Williams for bronze.

Women's beach volleyball

Women's beach volleyball was added to the Olympics in the 1996 Atlanta games. In Atlanta, Brazil's Pires/Silva won gold, Brazil's Rodrigues/Samuel won silver, and Australia's Cook/Pottharst won bronze.

In the 2000 Sydney Olympic games, as expected Australia's Cook/Pottharst (Atlanta's Bronze medalists) won gold, Brazil's Bede/Behar won silver, and Brazil's Pires/Samuel (Atlanta's gold and silver medalists) won bronze.

In the 2004 Athens Olympic games, as expected US's Walsh/May won gold, Brazil's Bede/Behar took silver for the second Olympics, US's McPeak/Youngs took bronze, beating out Australia's team of Cook/Sanderson in a close fought match.

Competition formula

Indoor volleyball

The indoor volleyball Olympic tournament has a very stable competition formula. The following rules apply:

• Twelve teams participate in each event.
• Host nations are always pre-qualified.
• Three teams qualify through the World Cup.
• Five teams qualify as winners of continental qualification tournaments.
• The three remaining berths are decided in world qualification tournaments.
• The competition has two phases.
• For the first phase, called qualification round, teams are ranked by the FIVB World Rankings and then divided in two pools of six teams using the serpentine system. The host nation is always ranked 1.
• At the qualification round, each team plays one match against all other teams in its pool. Top four teams in each pool advance, the remaining two leave the competition.
• At the second phase, usually called final round, teams play quarterfinals, semifinals and finals.
• For the final round, matches are organized according to the results obtained in the qualification round. Let the top four teams in each pool be A1, A2, A3, A4; B1, B2, B3, B4. Quarterfinals would then be: A1xB4; A2xB3; A3xB2; A4xB1.
• Winners of quarterfinals play semifinals as follows: (A1/B4) x (A3/B2); (A2/B3) x (A4xB1).
• At the finals, winners of semifinals play for the gold, and losers for the bronze.
• The tournament implements very tight line-up restrictions: only twelve players are allowed, and no replacement is permitted, even in case of injuries.

Beach volleyball

This section requires expansion.

• 24 teams participate in each event
• Teams qualify by accumulating points in FIVB Olympic Qualification Tournaments
• 1 host nation team is prequalified
• At most 2 teams from any country may qualify (not counting the host nation's guaranteed berth)
• In the event of an unrepresented continent, the top team from that continent will qualify
• Each team consists of exactly 2 players--no substitutions
• Teams are divided into 6 pools of 4 teams each
• Only last place teams in each pool will be eliminated
• Top 18 teams after pool play participate in a single-elimination tournament, with a play-off for third place

Champions

Indoor volleyball

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1964 Tokyo	Soviet Union	Czechoslovakia	Japan
1968 Mexico City	Soviet Union	Japan	Czechoslovakia
1972 Munich	Japan	East Germany	Soviet Union
1976 Montreal	Poland	Soviet Union	Cuba
1980 Moscow	Soviet Union	Bulgaria	Romania
1984 Los Angeles	United States	Brazil	Italy
1988 Seoul	United States	Soviet Union	Argentina
1992 Barcelona	Brazil	Netherlands	United States
1996 Atlanta	Netherlands	Italy	Yugoslavia
2000 Sydney	Yugoslavia	Russia	Italy
2004 Athens	Brazil	Italy	Russia
2008 Beijing	United States	Brazil	Russia

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1964 Tokyo	Japan	Soviet Union	Poland
1968 Mexico City	Soviet Union	Japan	Poland
1972 Munich	Soviet Union	Japan	North Korea
1976 Montreal	Japan	Soviet Union	South Korea
1980 Moscow	Soviet Union	East Germany	Bulgaria
1984 Los Angeles	China	United States	Japan
1988 Seoul	Soviet Union	Peru	China
1992 Barcelona	Cuba	Unified Team	United States
1996 Atlanta	Cuba	China	Brazil
2000 Sydney	Cuba	Russia	Brazil
2004 Athens	China	Russia	Cuba
2008 Beijing	Brazil	United States	China

Beach volleyball

Men

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1996 Atlanta	Charles "Karch" Kiraly and Kent Steffes (USA)	Michael Dodd and Mike Whitmarsh (USA)	John Child and Mark Heese (CAN)
2000 Sydney	Dain Blanton and Eric Fonoimoana (USA)	Zé Marco de Melo and Ricardo Santos (BRA)	Axel Hager and Jörg Ahmann (GER)
2004 Athens	Ricardo Santos and Emanuel Rego (BRA)	Javier Bosma and Pablo Herrera (ESP)	Stefan Kobel and Patrick Heuscher (SUI)
2008 Beijing	Phil Dalhausser and Todd Rogers (USA)	Fabio Luiz and Marcio Araujo (BRA)	Ricardo Santos and Emanuel Rego (BRA)

Women

Games	Gold	Silver	Bronze
1996 Atlanta	Jackie Silva and Sandra Pires (BRA)	Monica Rodrigues and Adriana Samuel (BRA)	Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst (AUS)
2000 Sydney	Natalie Cook and Kerri Pottharst (AUS)	Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede (BRA)	Adriana Samuel and Sandra Pires (BRA)
2004 Athens	Kerri Walsh and Misty May (USA)	Shelda Bede and Adriana Behar (BRA)	Holly McPeak and Elaine Youngs (USA)
2008 Beijing	Kerri Walsh and Misty May-Treanor (USA)	Tian Jia and Wang Jie (CHN)	Xue Chen and Zhang Xi (CHN)

Medal table

Countries ranked by total medals won (beach, indoor, men's, and women's).

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	United States (USA)	8	3	3	14
2	Soviet Union (URS)	7	4	1	12
3	Brazil (BRA)	5	7	4	16
4	Japan (JPN)	3	3	2	8
5	Cuba (CUB)	3	0	2	5
6	China (CHN)	2	2	3	7
7	Netherlands (NED)	1	1	0	2
8	Poland (POL)	1	0	2	3
9	Australia (AUS)	1	0	1	2
	Yugoslavia (YUG)	1	0	1	2
11	Russia (RUS)	0	3	2	5
12	Italy (ITA)	0	2	2	4
13	East Germany (GDR)	0	2	0	2
14	Bulgaria (BUL)	0	1	1	2
	Czechoslovakia (TCH)	0	1	1	2
16	Spain (ESP)	0	1	0	1
	Unified Team (EUN)	0	1	0	1
	Peru (PER)	0	1	0	1
19	Argentina (ARG)	0	0	1	1
	Canada (CAN)	0	0	1	1
	Germany (GER)	0	0	1	1
	South Korea (KOR)	0	0	1	1
	North Korea (PRK)	0	0	1	1
	Romania (ROU)	0	0	1	1
	Switzerland (SUI)	0	0	1	1

Participating nations

The following tables shows the nations that have participated in Olympic indoor volleyball. For each Games, the final rank of each team is shown, or left blank if the team did not participate in those Games. An equals sign in front of the rank indicates that more than one team tied for that rank. Light grey regions in the table indicate that the nation did not exist with that designation at that time. The right-hand column lists the number of times each country has participated in the Olympic indoor volleyball tournament.

Men's indoor volleyball

Nation	1964	1968	1972	1976	1980	1984	1988	1992	1996	2000	2004	2008	Total
Algeria (ALG)								12					1
Argentina (ARG)						6	3		8	4	=5		5
Australia (AUS)										8	=11		2
Belgium (BEL)		8											1
Brazil (BRA)	7	9	8	7	5	2	4	1	5	6	1	2	12
Bulgaria (BUL)	5	6	4		2		6		7			=5	7
Canada (CAN)				9		4		10					3
China (CHN)						7						=5	2
Cuba (CUB)			10	3	7			4	6	7			6
Czechoslovakia (TCH)	2	3	6	5	8								5
Egypt (EGY)				10		10				=11		=11	4
France (FRA)							8	11			=9		3
Germany (GER)												=9	1
East Germany (GDR)		4	2										2
West Germany (FRG)			11										1
Greece (GRE)											=5		1
Hungary (HUN)	6												1
Italy (ITA)				8	9	3	9	5	2	3	2	4	9
Japan (JPN)	3	2	1	4		8	10	6				=11	8
South Korea (KOR)	10		7	6		5	11	9	10	=9			8
Libya (LBA)					10								1
Mexico (MEX)		10											1
Netherlands (NED)	8						5	2	1	5	=9		6
Poland (POL)		5	9	1	4				11		=5	=5	7
Romania (ROU)	4		5		3								3
Russia (RUS)									4	2	3	3	4
Serbia (SRB)												=5	1
Serbia and Montenegro (SCG)											=5		1
Soviet Union (URS)	1	1	3	2	1		2						6
Spain (ESP)								8		=9			2
Sweden (SWE)							7						1
Tunisia (TUN)			12			9	12		12		=11		5
Unified Team (EUN)								7					1
United States (USA)	9	7				1	1	3	9	=11	4	1	9
Venezuela (VEN)												=9	1
Yugoslavia (YUG)					6				3	1			3
Total Teams	10	10	12	10	10	10	12	12	12	12	12	12	124

Women's indoor volleyball

Nation	1964	1968	1972	1976	1980	1984	1988	1992	1996	2000	2004	2008	Total
Algeria (ALG)												=11	1
Australia (AUS)										=9			1
Brazil (BRA)					7	7	6	4	3	3	4	1	8
Bulgaria (BUL)					3								1
Canada (CAN)				8		8			=9				3
China (CHN)						1	3	7	2	5	1	3	7
Croatia (CRO)										7			1
Cuba (CUB)			6	5	5			1	1	1	3	4	8
Czechoslovakia (TCH)		6	7										2
Dominican Republic (DOM)											=11		1
Germany (GER)									8	6	=9		3
East Germany (GDR)				6	2		5						3
West Germany (FRG)			8			6							2
Greece (GRE)											=9		1
Hungary (HUN)			5	4	4								3
Italy (ITA)										=9	=5	=5	3
Japan (JPN)	1	2	2	1		3	4	5	=9		=5	=5	10
Kazakhstan (KAZ)												=9	1
Kenya (KEN)										=11	=11		2
North Korea (PRK)			3										1
South Korea (KOR)	6	5	4	3		5	8		6	8	=5		9
Mexico (MEX)		7											1
Netherlands (NED)								6	5				2
Peru (PER)		4		7	6	4	2		=11	=11			7
Poland (POL)	3	3										=9	3
Romania (ROU)	4				8								2
Russia (RUS)									4	2	2	=5	3
Serbia (SRB)												=5	1
Spain (ESP)								8					1
Soviet Union (URS)	2	1	1	2	1		1						6
Ukraine (UKR)									=11				1
Unified Team (EUN)								2					1
United States (USA)	5	8				2	7	3	7	4	=5	2	9
Venezuela (VEN)												=11	1
Total Teams	6	8	8	8	8	8	8	8	12	12	12	12

See also

• List of indoor volleyball World Champions
• Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics

External links

• Official website of the FIVB
• Official website of the IOC
• Official website of the 2004 Summer Olympic Games

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