- This article is about Volvo Car Corporation; For commercial vehicles see
Volvo Group.
- For other uses, see Volvo (disambiguation).
- Volvo Car Corporation is the luxury car maker using the Volvo trademark.
Volvo Cars, or Volvo Personvagnar, is a well-known Swedish automobile maker
founded in 1927 in the city of Gothenburg in Sweden.
Volvo was formed as a subsidiary company to the ball bearing maker SKF. It was not until 1935 when Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish stock exchange that SKF sold most of the
shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999,
when it was acquired by the Ford Motor Company and placed in its Premier Automotive Group. Volvo is a premium manufacturer and produces luxury models ranging
from SUVs, wagons, and sedans to compact executive sedans and coupes. With 2,500 dealerships worldwide in 100 markets; 60 percent
of sales come from Europe, 30 percent from North America, and the other 10 percent is from the rest of the world.
Volvo cars have a reputation for comfort, solidity, safety and longevity.[citation needed] Older models were often compared to tractors, partially because Volvo AB
was and still is a manufacturer of heavy equipment, earlier Bolinder-Munktell, now
Volvo Construction Equipment. Considered by some to be slow and
heavy,[1] they earned the distinction "brick"[2] as term of endearment for the classic,
block-shaped Volvo. With the more powerful turbo charged variants known as "turbobricks".[2] More recent models have moved away from the boxy styles favored in the
1970s and 1980s and built a reputation for sporting performance. But not before the phenomenal success of factory supported
Volvo 240 turbos winning both the 1985 European Touring Car Championship (ETC) & 1986 Australian Touring Car Championship
(ATCC).[3] Most recently a 850
series wagon won top honors at the 1995 British Touring Car
Championship (BTCC).
Historically brand loyalty is significantly higher among Volvo owners versus other automobile manufacturers.[citation needed] Owners are often proud of achieving
prodigious mileages[4] with one well documented 1965 Volvo
P1800S having been driven over 2.6 million miles.[5]
According to some figures the average age of a Volvo being discarded is second only to Mercedes at 19.8 years.[6] Reliability is considered better than average[7] and in the USA Volvo dealers are listed by Forbes
as one of the best among all car makers (9th)[8]and luxury
car makers (6th).[9]
History
Gustav Larson and Assar Gabrielsson
Volvo logotype (PRV-registr.) 1927.
Volvo PV4 4-Door Sedan 1927
Volvo company came about in Gothenburg, Sweden in the year 1927. The company was founded by SKF as a subsidiary company 100%
owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the managing director and
Gustav Larson as the technical manager.
"Cars are driven by people. Therefore the guiding principle behind everything at Volvo is it must remain safe", Assar
Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson 1927.
Despite this, Volvo's originally had a reputation for high death rates in the event of an accident. This led to a drastic
overhaul of Volvo's safety approaches and an aggressive marketing campaign to brand the cars as 'the safest on the road'. This
perception branding has been so successful that "safety" is now the first word most associate with Volvo.
The trademark Volvo was first registered by SKF the 11th May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special
series of ball bearing for the American market, but it was never used for this purpose. SKF trademark as it looks today was used
instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name 'Volvo' were manufactured but was
never released to the market and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for
an automobile. Volvo - derived from the Latin for "I roll," was thought to be a good trademark for a ball bearing as well as for
an automobile.
The first Volvo car left the assembly line April 14, 1927 was called Volvo ÖV 4. After
this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and
terrain. The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron. The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron used in
the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron. The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille came about to hold the
actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, in front of the cooler. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they
simple made a copy of the entire cooler for ÖV4, viewed from the front.
In 1964 Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is the one of its largest production sites (chiefly large
cars and SUV). Then in 1965 the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company's second largest production site (chiefly
small cars). Finally in 1989 the Uddevalla plant in Sweden was opened, which is now jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and
Pininfarina of Italy.
Safety
Volvo cars have always evoked a reputation for safety.[citation needed] In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model.[10][citation needed] In 1958, Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern
3-Point Safety Belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959[11].
Volvo was the first company to produce cars with padded dashboards starting in late 1956 with their Amazon model.[citation needed] Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in the late
1960s[citation needed] and introduced its own booster
seat in 1978[citation needed]. In the mid-eighties, Volvo introduced the first central high-mounted
stoplight[citation needed] (a brake light not shared with the rear tail lights), which became
federally mandated in the United States in the 1986 model year. Seat belt and child seat innovation continued as shown in the
1991 960. The 960 introduced the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear
seat and a child safety cushion integrated in the middle armrest.[citation needed] Also in 1991 came the introduction of the Side Impact Protection System
(SIPS) on the 940/960 and 850 models, which channeled the force of a side impact away from the doors and into the safety cage.[12][citation needed] In 1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS), a safety
device to prevent injury of front seat users during collisions.[citation needed] In 2004, Volvo introduced the BLIS system, which detects vehicles entering
the Volvo's blind spot with a side view mirror mounted sensor and alerts the driver with a light. That year also saw Volvos sold
in all markets equipped with side-marker lights and daytime-running lights (the latter having already been available in many
markets for some time). Much of Volvo's safety technology now also goes into other Ford vehicles. In 2005 Volvo presented the
second generation of Volvo C70, it comes with extra stiff door-mounted inflatable side
curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible)[citation needed]. In 2006 Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control has been
launched as an optional feature with the all new Volvo S80. This feature is fairly new to the
automotive industry. Before a driver gets to their car, they are able to review the security level and know whether they have set
the alarm and if the car is locked.[citation needed] Additionally, there is a heartbeat sensor that warns if someone is hiding
inside the car. The heartbeat sensor is rumored to also work with the SOS feature of Volvo's new telematics system.[citation needed] The all new Volvo S80 is also the first Volvo model to feature Adaptive
cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).[citation needed]
By the mid-1990s there was little to distinguish Volvo from some other manufacturers (notably Renault) on safety when put through standardized tests such as EuroNCAP. The
Volvo 745 had some severe problems with the C-pillar that could break in collisions even at relatively low speeds. The design was strengthened and the
740 was renamed as the Volvo 940 [13]. Also, the production of P1800 had to be stopped because it
did not fulfill US safety standards.
A US study showed that Volvo's safety have been slipping according to Russ Rader, a spokesman for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. [14][15][16][17]
In 2007, Finland’s Safety Technology Authority (TUKES) concluded that the structure of Volvo 440 and 460 automobiles
manufactured between 1993 and 1995 had caused several cases of flare-ups during refueling.[citation needed]
Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman, denied that the company's vehicles are any less safe than the Institute's top-rated vehicles,
adding that
"It's just a philosophy on safety that is different from building cars to pass these kinds of tests."[18]
Since 2004 all Volvo models except for the C70 and C30 are available with an all wheel
drive system developed by Haldex of Sweden.[19]
Even in recent years Volvo Cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in test results from
the IIHS. The Volvo XC90, S80,S40, and C70 all score top scores
in these rated crash tests.[citation needed]
Even although Volvo Car Corp is owned by the Ford Motor Company, the safety systems of Volvo are still made standard on all of
their vehicles. Volvo has patented all of their safety innovations that would include SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS, DSTC, IC, and body structures to name a few. Some of these systems have shown up in other Ford vehicles in
related forms to that of Volvo systems only because Volvo has licenced the FOMOCO and other PAG members to utilize these
features.[citation needed]
Safety milestones
![The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated windscreen.[20]](http://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/b/b7/250px-Volvo-122-coupe-1.jpg)
The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated
windscreen.
[20]
- 1944 Safety cage
- 1944 Laminated windscreen
- 1954 Defroster vents for windscreen
- 1956 Windscreen washers
- 1957 Anchor points for 2–point safety belts front
- 1958 Anchor points for 2–point safety belts rear
- 1959 3–point front safety belts standard
- 1960 Padded instrument panel
- 1964 Disc brakes front
- 1964 First rearward–facing child safety seat prototype tested
- 1966 Rear windscreen defroster
- 1966 Disc brakes all around
- 1966 Dual split triangular braking system
- 1966 Crumple zones front and rear
- 1966 Safety door–locks
- 1967 Safety belt rear seats
- 1968 Head restraints front
- 1969 Inertia reel safety belts
- 1969 Heated rear windscreen
- 1971 Reminder safety belt
- 1972 3–point safety belts – rear
- 1972 Rearward–facing child safety seat
- 1972 Childproof locks on rear doors
- 1972 Warning lights (hazard)
- 1973 Side collision protection
- 1973 Collapsible steering wheel
- 1974 Energy absorbing bumpers
- 1974 Safe location of fuel tank
- 1974 Multistage impact absorbing steering column
- 1974 Bulb integrity sensor
- 1974 Headlight wiper/washer
- 1975 Day running lamps
- 1975 Braking system with stepped bore master cylinder
- 1978 Child safety booster cushion
- 1982 "Anti–submarining" protection
- 1982 Fog lamps front
- 1982 Fog lamps rear
- 1982 Warning lights in opened door
- 1982 Wide angle rear view mirror
- 1984 ABS anti–locking brakes
- 1985 ETC – Electronic Traction Control
- 1986 Brake lights in rear window
- 1986 Three–point safety belt centre rear seat
- 1987 Mechanical safety belt pre–tensioner
- 1987 Airbag – driver
- 1990 Integrated child safety cushion in centre rear seat
- 1991 SIPS – Side Impact Protection System
- 1991 Automatic height adjusting safety belt
- 1992 Reinforced rear seats in estate models
- 1992 Passenger airbag front
- 1993 Three–point inertia–reel safety belts – all rear positions
- 1994 SIPS–bag, side airbag
- 1995 DSA – Dynamic Stability Assistance
- 1995 Integrated child safety cushion outer rear seats
- 1997 ROPS – Roll Over Protection System (C70)
- 1998 WHIPS – Whiplash Protection System
- 1998 IC – Inflatable Curtain
- 1998 STC – Stability and Traction Control
- 1998 DSTC – Dynamic Stability and Traction Control
- 1998 EBD – Electronic Brake Distribution
- 2000 ISOFIX anchorages with rearward–facing child safety seat
- 2000 Dual Stage Airbag
- 2001 SCC – Volvo Safety Concept Car
- 2002 RSC – Roll Stability Control
- 2002 ROPS – Roll Over Protection System (XC90)
- 2002 New integrated child seat 2nd row (XC90)
- 2002 Lower Cross Member (XC90)
- 2002 New compatible front design (XC90)
- 2002 Safe 3rd row seats (XC90)
- 2002 New Front Structure (XC90)
- 2003 New Front Structure called Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture (VIVA) (S40, V50)
- 2003 Rear seat belt reminders (in S40 and V50)
- 2003 IDIS – Intelligent Driver Information System (in S40 and V50)
- 2003 Inauguration of Volvo's Traffic Accident Research Team in Bangkok
- 2004 BLIS – Blind Spot Information System (in S40 and V50)
- 2004 Water repellent glass WRG
- 2005 Introduction of DMIC (Door Mounted Inflatable Curtain) (new Volvo C70)
- 2006 PCC - Personal Car Communicator (S80)
- 2006 CWBS - Collision Warning with Brake Support (S80)
- 2006 ABL - Active Bixenon Lights (S80)
- 2007 ACC - Adaptive Cruise Control (S80)
- 2007 PPB - Power Park Brake (S80)
- 2008 HDC - Hill Descent Control (XC70 and future XC)
- 2008 EBL - Emergency Brake Light (Premier on S40 and V50, standard on all
after)
- 2008 DAC - Driver Alert Control (V70, XC70)
- 2008 LDW - Lane Departure Warning System
[21]
Acquisitions
In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF,
and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340,
which went on to be one of the biggest-selling cars in the UK market in the 1980s
Volvo Group, as one of the largest manufacturers of commercial vehicles in the world, took the initiative to sell its
automobile manufacturing in 1998 in order to fully focus its efforts on the market for commercial vehicles. Ford, on the other
hand saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety
aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo
Cars was announced on January 28, 1998, and in the following
year the acquisition was completed at a price of $6.45 billion USD.
As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark is
now utilized by two separate companies:
Volvo Car Corporation is a part of the FoMoCo PAG along side Jaguar and Land Rover of Britain. Since its acquisition into the
PAG the company has grown in its range of vehicle and year by year is increasingly becoming a larger competitor in the luxury
segment. Volvo has not reached the heights of world luxury leaders Mercedes-Benz and
Jaguar or even the sporty/luxury manufacturers BMW and
Audi.[citation needed] Volvo competes more evenly with Acura,
Cadillac, Lincoln and Saab.
In mid 2007 a rumour started that BMW had plans to acquire Volvo
Cars from Ford. Insiders from the three companies have confirmed that BMW has requested an official financial inspection
of Volvo and that informal talks between Ford and BMW had begun for a possible
buyout. Ford is selling the PAG automotive marques for financial reasons, the same reason given for the disposal of
Aston Martin.
On June 11, 2007, even after denying the claim of a buy out with BMW, the Ford Motor Company announced publicly that all of
its PAG members were for sale. Earlier in 2007 Ford had stated that none of its PAG members were safe from a potential
divestment. The entire PAG brand is expected to be divested in order to finance the remaining Ford brands which would include
Ford, Mercury, and Lincoln. Ford
publicly announced the Jaguar, Land Rover, and
Volvo Cars brands were all up for sales at this point. Soon after on August 2007, Ford CEO Alan
Mulally stated that Ford does ot need a global luxury brand in the form of the PAG of Europe, excluding Lincoln of America all of
the the luxury brands must go from Jaguar of England to Volvo of Sweden.
The rumours surrounding the possible sale of Volvo Car Corp to BMW once again surfaced in early July 2007. Sources from within
the Volvo financial arm in Gothenburg have stated that the German brand had informal extensive talks with Volvo executives about
a real selling price of the company.
A more recent rumour was started in mid June in Sweden that the Volvo car corporation is to be bought from the Ford PAG with
the help of AB Volvo. This was later confirmed to be untrue, as AB Volvo is not looking into the automotive industry at this
point in time as stated by AB Volvo CEO in Sweden. AB Volvo has confirmed that they are very much so concerned to see and too
know what will happen to Volvo Cars, as they share the seem heritage, beliefs, and nameplate.
On July 3, 2007 a confirmed suitor for Volvo Cars has stepped forward as a potential buyer to the rights to use the Volvo Cars
name in vehicle manufacture. A wealthy Swedish family that owns Investor AB, a public investment firm of Sweden, with a 11% share
interest of Scania is now entering the ring as a potential Volvo owner. This takeover is seen by many of the automotive analysts
to be the most practical at this point in time. Previous takeover enquiries from Renault and BMW are seen to be impractical
because Volvo has become so integrated with Ford and much would be lost by Ford and the new owners in the sales of the Swedish
auto company. This Swedish family ownership would allow Volvo to be Swedish again and the platforms could still be shared with
Ford. Ford will get much needed revenue that Jaguar and Land Rover alone cannot generate in a sale, and the Volvo Cars work force
would prefer Swedish ownership.
According to the UK Autocar magazine, a Ford spokesman said Volvo is not ready for sale yet
and is still under observation. But early August of 2007 revealed another turn in the Ford PAG sale saga. Ford announced that
Volvo is to be sold before the end of 2007. The most likely new owners of Volvo will be the Wallenberg Family that owns Investor
AB of Sweden, or BMW of Germany.
Alternative propulsion
Volvo ReCharge plug-in hybrid concept car, with
60 miles of all-electric range (AER), has been unveiled officially at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show[22]
Sponsorship
Volvo Ocean Race, team: Pirates of the Caribbean
Markus Brier of Austria, winner of the 2007 Volvo China Open
Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championship with the Volvo 240 in the mid-80s. The cars also entered the Guia Race,
part of the Macau Grand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both 1985 and 1986.
Volvo also entered the British Touring Car Championship in the 90s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partnership was
responsible for the controversial 850 Estate racing car, which was only rendered uncompetitive when the FIA allowed the use of
aerodynamic aids in 1995. TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, six wins in 1995 and five wins in 1996, and S40, one wins
in 1997 in the BTCC. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring Car Championship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.
The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) by Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation.
One of the main promotional activities for the brand is the sailing Race Volvo Ocean
Race, formerly known as the Whitbread Around the World Race. There is also a Volvo Baltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes to encourage
its affluent image by sponsoring golf tournaments all over the world including major championship events called the
Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.
Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world’s leading round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001 – 2002. The
next edition will take place as of 2008. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment to the ISAF and is involved in the
Volvo/ISAF World Youth Sailing Championships since 1997.
Car models
Early years
Three-numbered Volvos
Starting with the 140 series in 1968, Volvo used a three number system for their cars. The first number was the series, the
second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a 6-cylinder engine
and 4 doors. However there were exceptions to this rule—the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally-aspirated V6
petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight cylinder as the 8 would suggest.
Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a
V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify
cars underhood on the identification plate. Volvo VIN Numbers had always been give YV1
symbolizing Sweden, Volvo, and Volvo Car Corp
Models with current denomination
Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. S stands for saloon or sedan, C stands for coupé or
convertible and V stands for versatile or estate
car. XC stands for cross country originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates
all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give
it a mock SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the XC70 in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90. So a
V50 is an estate ("V") that is smaller than the V70.
Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but "F", standing for flexibility, was
to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 at Frankfurt in 1994, they were announced as
the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names
its sporty vehicles "S", and the yet-introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4
name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to a complaint from
Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary
sports car. This led to Volvo switching the "F" to "V", for versatile.
Concept cars
Production locations
- Göteborg, Sweden (Volvo Car Corporation Headquarters and
Safety Center)
- Torslanda, Sweden (Volvo Torslanda Plant, Torslandaverken) 1964- Present
- Volvo XC90, Volvo S80, Volvo V70, Volvo XC70
- Uddevalla, Sweden 1989, since 2005 the factory is operated
by Volvo Cars and Pininfarina Sverige AB
- Ghent, Belgium 1965-
- Volvo S60, Volvo V70, Volvo S40, Volvo V50, Volvo C30, Future plant for XC60 production
- Skövde, Sweden (engines)
- Floby, Sweden (Brakes)
- Köping, Sweden (Transmissions developed with GETRAG Gmbh and AWD system development with
Haldex)
- Olofström, Sweden (Body Components)
Assembly locations around the world:
Volvo Cars have previously had production facilities on these locations:
Engine types
Volvo is one of few automobile manufacturers that use in line or straight engines in their production vehicles. Volvo is also
very famous for the application of the in line 5 cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since its introduction in 1993 in the
Volvo 850.
- See also: List of Volvo
engines
- Side valve six - fitted into the PV651/2, TR671/4, PV653/4,
TR676/9, PV658/9, PV36, PV51/2, PV53/6, PV801/2, PV821/2, PV831/2 and PV60 from 1929 to 1958
- B4B and B14A - fitted into the
Volvo PV and Volvo Duett from 1947 to 1956
- B16 (A and B) - fitted into the PV, Duett and Volvo
Amazon from 1957 to 1960
- B18 and B20 - 1.8 L/2.0 L
OHV 8v fitted into all Volvo models from 1961 to 1974 except 164 (and 1975 U.S. Spec 240
models).
- B19, B21, and
B23 - fitted from 1975
- B200 and B230 - 2.0 L and
2.3 L, respectively, SOHC 8v fitted to 240, 360, 700, 940 series cars from
1985
- B204 and B234 - 2.0 L and
2.3 L DOHC 16 valve engines
- B27/B28 and B280-
2.7 and 2.8 L SOHC 12v developed together with Renault and Peugeot
- B30 - fitted to all 164 models
Transmissions
Volvo transmissions in the past were made by the ZF Friedrichshafen company, but
now the transmissions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Volvo also uses the
exclusive name of their manual/ automatic transmission called Geartronic.
- Volvo AW70 transmission
- Volvo AW71 transmission
- Volvo AW72 transmission
- Volvo M30 transmission
- Volvo M40 transmission
- Volvo M400 transmission
- Volvo M410 transmission
- Volvo M41 transmission
- Volvo M45 transmission
- Volvo M46 transmission
- Volvo M47 transmission
- Volvo M50 transmission
- Volvo M51 transmission
- Volvo M56 transmission
- Volvo M58 transmission
- Volvo M59 transmission
- Volvo M90 transmission
- Volvo ZF4HP22 transmission[citation needed]
- AW50-42 (4-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
- AW55-50/51 (5-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
- GM4T65EV/GT(4-Speed GM automatic, FWD/AWD)
- AWTF80-SC (6-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
Sales
Volvo Cars sales during 2005 (2004).
Source: Dagens Nyheter
By market
1. United States 123575 (139155)
2. Sweden 52696 (51464)
3. United Kingdom 38307 (40159)
4. Germany 35035 (38085)
5. Italy 20533 (19390)
6. Netherlands 18879 (19225)
7. Spain 18335 (15925)
8. Japan 13427 (13919)
9. Belgium 12638 (12929)
10. Canada 11651 (11651)
All markets: 443947 (456224)
By model
1. XC90 85994
2. V50 83202
3. S40 75136
4. V70 70156*
5. S60 62528
- Almost 40% (27999) of the V70's manufactured during 2005 were sold in Sweden, where it has been the best selling car for
several years.
Trivia
Ingvar Kamprad drives a 1993 Volvo 240
GL[23] and Prince
Alwaleed Bin Talal Alsaud drives a Volvo XC90.[24]
See also
References
- ^ Kraniel Konsument: Konsumenttest Hult Healey
- ^ a b Unleashing the Muscle Car Inside the Trusty Volvo, NY Times (March 3,
2005)
- ^ Volvo 240 Turbo Group 'A' racing information, Anthony Hyde
- ^ UK High Mileage register Volvo Club UK
- ^ 2 million mile
1800s Palo Alto Daily News (August, 26 2007)
- ^ SSB Age at scrapping figures
- ^ Reliability index
- ^ http://www.forbesautos.com/slideshows/advice/toptens/2007/dealership_experience/best-dealers-all.html
- ^ http://www.forbesautos.com/advice/toptens/best-luxury-dealers-2007.html
- ^ [1]
- ^ http://www.edmunds.com/ownership/safety/articles/43023/article.html
- ^ [2]
- ^ Vanagon / Volvo crash test
- ^ IIHS Crash Test Results
- ^ KSBI-TV: Top 10 Safest Cars
- ^ Aftonbladet: Säkra Saab kör om Volvo i krocktest
- ^ Aftonbladet: Här hänger inte Volvo med längre
- ^ [3]
- ^ [4]
- ^ http://www.channel4.com/4car/ft/feature/retrospective/1690/5 Retrospective: Volvo
History (Channel 4)
- ^ Ford Motor Company -
Featured Story: Volvo Celebrates 80 Years of Safety
- ^ http://media.ford.com/newsroom/feature_display.cfm?release=25980 , http://jalopnik.com/cars/frankfurt-auto-show/volvo-recharge-plug+in-hybrid-concept-car-296913.php
- ^ http://www.forbesautos.com/advice/toptens/billionaire/05-ingvar_kamprad.html
- ^ http://www.forbesautos.com/advice/toptens/billionaire/04-prince_alwaleed.html
External links
Gallery
Volvo PV4 4-Door Sedan 1927
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Volvo PV4 Special 4-Door Sedan 1928
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Volvo PV651 4-Door Sedan 1929
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Volvo PV654 4-Door Sedan 1933
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Volvo PV654 4-Door Sedan 1933
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Volvo PV654 4-Door Sedan 1933
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Volvo PV655 Ambulance 1934
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Volvo PV659 4-Door Sedan 1935
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Volvo TR704 4-Door Sedan 1937
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Volvo PV53 4-Door Sedan 1939
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Volvo PV56 4-Door Sedan 1939
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Volvo PV56 4-Door Sedan 1939
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Volvo PV56 4-Door Sedan 1939
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Volvo PV56 4-Door Sedan 1939
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Volvo PV60 4-Door Sedan 1946
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Volvo PV60 4-Door Sedan Taxi 1946
|
![The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated windscreen.[20]](http://www.answers.com/main/Record2?a=NR&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FImage%3AVolvo-122-coupe-1.jpg)
