Wace

Wace (c. 1115 – c. 1183) was an Anglo-Norman poet, who was born in Jersey and brought up in mainland Normandy (he tells us in the Roman de Rou that he was taken as a child to Caen), ending his career as Canon of Bayeux.

A memorial to Wace was set up in his native island of Jersey

His extant works include:

• Roman de Brut - a verse history of Britain
• Roman de Rou - a verse history of the Dukes of Normandy
• Other works, also in verse, include lives of Saint Margaret and Saint Nicholas.

Roman de Brut (c. 1155) was based on the Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth. It cannot be regarded as a history in any modern sense, although Wace often distinguishes between what he knows and what he does not know, or has been unable to find out. Wace narrates the founding of Britain, by Brutus of Troy, to the end of the legendary British history created by Geoffrey of Monmouth. The popularity of this work is explained by the new accessibility to a wider public of the Arthur legend in a vernacular language. In the midst of the Arthurian section of the text, Wace was the first to mention the legend of King Arthur's Round Table and the first to ascribe the name Excalibur to Arthur's sword, although he on the whole adds only minor details to Geoffrey's text. The Roman de Brut became the basis, in turn, for Layamon's Brut, an alliterative Middle English poem, and Piers Langtoft's Chronicle.

Wace presents his Roman de Rou to Henry II in this illustration from 1824

His later work, the Roman de Rou, was, according to Layamon, commissioned by King Henry II of England. A large part of the Roman de Rou is devoted to William the Conqueror and the Norman Conquest. Wace's reference to oral tradition within his own family suggests that his account of the preparations for the Conquest and of the Battle of Hastings are reliant not only on documentary evidence but also on eyewitness testimony from close relations. The Roman de Rou also includes a mention of the appearance of Halley's Comet. The relative lack of popularity of the Roman de Rou may reflect the loss of interest in the history of the Duchy of Normandy following the incorporation of continental Normandy into the kingdom of France in 1204.

The Anglo-Norman language Wace wrote in is variously regarded as a dialect of the Norman language, a dialect of Old French, or specifically the precursor of Jèrriais. Writers in Jersey have looked on Wace as the founder of Jersey literature, and Jèrriais is sometimes referred to as the language of Wace although the poet himself predated the development of Jèrriais as a literary language. Wace is the earliest known Jersey writer.

Although the name Robert has been ascribed to Wace, this is a tradition resting on little evidence. It is generally believed nowadays that Wace only had one name. As a clerc lisant, he was proud of his title of Maistre (master) and is consequently sometimes referred to as Maistre Wace.

Wace's descriptions of militarily strategic points on the coast of Normandy were used in the early planning stages of the Battle of Normandy. There is a granite memorial stone to Wace built into the side of the States Building in Jersey's Royal Square. This includes a quote from the Roman de Rou that expresses the poet's pride in his place of birth:

Jo di e dirai ke jo sui

Wace de l’isle de Gersui

Modern French:

Je dis et dirai que je suis

Wace de l'île de Jersey

English:

I say and will say that I am

Wace from the Island of Jersey

Bibliography

• Charles Foulon, "Wace" in Arthurian Literature in the Middle Ages, Roger S. Loomis (ed.). Clarendon Press: Oxford University. 1959. ISBN 0-19-811588-1
• WACE, Roman de Brut, édité par I. Arnold, 2 vols., Paris, 1938-1940.
• WEISS, Judith, Wace's Roman de Brut. A History of the British. Text and Translation, Exeter, 2006.
• ARNOLD, I., & PELAN, M., La partie arthurienne du Roman de Brut, Paris, 1962.
• WACE, Roman de Rou, édité par J. Holden, 3 vols. Paris, 1970-1973.

See also

• Anglo-Norman literature

External links

• Works by Wace at Project Gutenbergnrm:Wace

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