(b Beirut, 23 Feb 1876; d there, 11 April 1952). Lebanese composer. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire (from 1893), then divided his time between France and the Lebanon; much of his theoretical work was concerned with scales. In his compositions he united Western and Arab traditions; they include the operas The Shepherds of Canaan (the first in Turkish) and The Two Kings (the first in Arabic), choral music and the Lebanese national anthem.
