Walter de Merton (c. 1205 – 27 October
1277) was Bishop of Rochester and founder of
Merton College, Oxford.
Life
Walter was born probably at Merton in Surrey
or educated there; hence the surname. He came of a land-owning family at Basingstoke; beyond
that there is no definite information as to the date or place of birth. We know that his mother was Christina Fitz-Oliver and his father William, and that in 1237 both parents
were dead, and Walter was a clerk in Holy orders. In 1241 Walter already held a number of livings in various parts of the
country; in 1256 he was an agent for the Bishop of Durham in a lawsuit; in 1259
prebendary of St. Paul's, London; and in
1262 prebendary of Exeter and canon of Wells. Walter was also
prothonotary of the chancery in 1258; and in 1261 Henry III made him chancellor, in place of
Nicholas of Ely.[1]
It was in this same year that Walter first set aside two manors in Surrey for the priory at Merton, for the support of
"scholars residing at the schools". This was the beginning of Merton College. In 1264 Walter drew up statutes for a "house of the
scholars of Merton", at Malden in Surrey; ten years later these scholars were transferred to
Oxford, and a permanent house established. Merton College, thus founded and endowed
by Walter, is the earliest example of collegiate life at Oxford. Walter's statutes provided for a common corporate life under the
rule of a warden, but as vows were to be taken and scholars entering a religious order forfeited their scholarship, the college
was really a place of training for the secular clergy.
While labouring for the establishment of Merton College, Walter was removed from the chancellorship when the barons triumphed in 1263,[1] but after the civil war was restored to the government. He is mentioned as a justiciar in 1271 and he was re-appointed as Lord Chancellor on Henry III's death in 1272.[1] For the first two years of Edward I, Walter was in all but name regent of England during the King's absence abroad. On Edward's
return in 1274, Walter was dismissed as Lord Chancellor in favour of Robert
Burnell,[1] but was rewarded with
the Bishopric of Rochester. He was elected in late July and consecrated on October
21, 1274.[2]
Freed of the responsibilities of government, Walter turned his attention to his college again. He redrafted the statutes and
moved the scholars permanently to Oxford. They were established on the site of the parish church of St John whose
advowson he had obtained in the early 1260s and where he had been buying adjoining houses and
halls since 1264.
For the last three years of his life Walter divided his time between his duties in Rochester and the supervision of his
fledging academic house. It was on a journey back from Oxford in 1277, while fording the Medway,
that he fell from his horse; he died two days later on October 27, 1277[3] from the effects of the accident. He was buried in Rochester Cathedral, and is described in
the Annales monastici as a man of liberality and great worldly learning, ever ready in his assistance to the religious
orders.
Notes
- ^ a b c d Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 83
- ^ Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 248
- ^ Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p.
248
References
- Martin, G.H. & Highfield, J.R.L. (1997). A History of Merton College. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN
0-19-920183-8.
- This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.
- Powicke, F. Maurice and E. B. Fryde Handbook of British Chronology 2nd. ed.
London:Royal Historical Society 1961
See Also
External links
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