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Werner Erhard

 
Occultism & Parapsychology Encyclopedia: Werner Erhard
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(1935-)

Public name adopted by John Paul Rosenberg, who developed a modern system of experiential philosophy known as est (Erhard Seminars Training). Erhard was born September 5, 1935, in Philadelphia.

He left home in 1960, and to keep his family from finding him, he changed his name to Werner Erhard. Over the next few years, he held a variety of jobs and also examined a variety of the new spiritual disciplines and self-help programs, including the Church of Scientology, Zen Buddhism, and Mind Dynamics. Erhard's own system, distilled from his involvement in the many movements, coalesced for him one morning in 1971 while driving on the 101 highway in Marin County, California. Basic to his insight was that each individual is the source of their own experience, they were not the labels that others had put on them. Understanding this insight would later be labeled "getting it" in the est training. Shortly after receiving this new insight, he founded est.

Nearly 500,000 people attended the est seminars usually given on two consecutive weekends. Most people were not dissuaded by a small chorus of detractors who noted cases of psychological problems experienced by attendees, accused est of brainwashing tactics, or were upset with the large sums of money Erhard was making.

In 1978 Erhard created The Hunger Project, a motivational program to get people to see the situation with world hunger as an opportunity to make a difference in the world and to commit themselves to ending hunger in the next twenty years.

In 1985 Erhard replaced est with a new program, The Forum. It represented an evolvement of his understanding as well as answering some of his critics, especially those who had complained of the rigid rules forced upon the attendees of the est training. He also founded Transformational Technologies to market training courses to corporations for employees.

All of Erhard's ventures came to an end in 1991. The IRS attached liens on seven million dollars worth of property; he faced a law suit from a former top employee he discharged; he was accused of child molestation on a national news show. Est was sold by Erhard to a group of 150 employees who formed a new company called Landmark Education Corp., led by Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg. It was then that Erhard disappeared from public view. Landmark is still thriving today, carrying on Erhard's legacy to a new generation.

Sources:

Bartley, William Warren. Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est. New York: C. N. Potter, 1978.

Bry, Adelaide. est, Erhard Seminars Training: 60 Hours That Transform Your Life. New York: Avon, 1976.

Fenwick, Sherida. Getting It: The Psychology of est. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippencott, 1976.

Self, Jane. 60 Minutes and the Assassination of Werner Erhard: How America's Top Rated Television Show Was Used in an Attemptto Destroy a Man Who Was Making a Difference. Houston: Break-thru Publishing, 1992

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Quotes By: Werner Erhard
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"Create your future from your future not your past."

"Your life works to the degree you keep your agreements."

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Wikipedia: Werner Erhard
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Werner Erhard

Werner Erhard in 1977
Born September 5, 1935 (1935-09-05) (age 74)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
United States
Occupation Retired[1]
Spouse(s) Patricia Fry, September 26, 1953 - 1960 (divorced)


Ellen Erhard (June Bryde), March 29, 1960 - November 1983 (divorced)
Children 7
Website
wernererhard.com

Werner Hans Erhard[2]:7 (born John Paul Rosenberg, 5 September 1935) authored transformational models and applications for individuals, groups, and organizations.[3]

Erhard is best known by the general public for the "est Training" (1971 – 1983) and the “Forum” (1984 – 1991), which were offered to the public through an organizational structure that included Erhard Seminars Training Inc. (1971 - 1975), est, an educational corporation (1975 - 1981), and Werner Erhard & Associates (WEA, 1981 – 1991).

In 1991, about the time of his retirement from WEA, Erhard sold his intellectual properties to a group of his former employeees who had formed Landmark Education — after which he left the United States.

Erhard, along with John Denver, Robert W. Fuller, and others, founded The Hunger Project in 1977.

Contents

Early life (1935-1971)

John Paul Rosenberg graduated from Norristown High School, Norristown, Pennsylvania, in June 1953, along with his future wife Patricia Fry.[2]:30 Rosenberg married Fry on 26 September 1953[4]:4 and they had four[2]:51 children together. He left Fry and their children in Philadelphia (1960), traveled west with June Bryde[4]:4, and changed his name to "Werner Hans Erhard". Rosenberg chose his new name from Esquire magazine articles he read about then West German economics minister Ludwig Erhard and the philosopher and physicist Werner Heisenberg.[2]:57-58 June Bryde changed her name to "Ellen Virginia Erhard". The newly-renamed Erhards moved to St. Louis.

In 1961, Erhard sold correspondence courses in the Midwest, then California, and eventually moved to Spokane, Washington.[2]:85 After a few months, he took a job with Encyclopædia Britannica's "Great Books" program, and was soon promoted to area training manager. In January 1962 Erhard switched to the Parent's Magazine Cultural Institute, a child development materials division of Parents Magazine.[2]:112 In the summer of 1962 he won promotion to the position of territorial manager for California, Nevada, and Arizona, and moved to San Francisco; and in the spring of 1963 to Los Angeles.[2]:82-106 In January 1964, "Parents" promoted Erhard and transferred him to Arlington, Virginia as a southeast manager.[2]:94In August 1964, Erhard resigned his position in Arlington over a dispute with the company president and returned to his previous position in San Francisco.[2]:107-114 Erhard and his second wife moved into an apartment in Sausalito and had a second daughter, Adair, on December 27, 1964. Erhard began a close friendship with Alan Watts.[2]:117-138 In the next few years, Erhard brought on-staff at "Parents" many people who would become important in est, including Elaine Cronin, Gonneke Spits and Laurel Scheaf. In 1967 Erhard was promoted to vice president.[5]

Early influences

In California in the 1960s Erhard engaged in a variety of spiritual, New Age and transformative activities.

Tipton wrote: 'Erhard calls Zen Buddhism the “essential” one of all the disciplines that he has studied. [6] and 'Various observers of est have traced its ideas to Zen, Vedanta, and Christian Perfectionism; behaviorist determinism, Freud, Maslow, Rogers, and Perls; Korzybski's General Semantics, Norman Vincent Peale's The Power of Positive Thinking, Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich, and the self-image psychology of Maxwell Maltz's Psycho-Cybernetics. Its methods have been traced to hypnosis, autosuggestion, revivalism, psychodrama, encounter, Gestalt therapy and behavior modification; Subud and yoga; military, monastic, and penal institutions, sales and business motivation courses. [7]

Bartley noted in his biography of Erhard that in addition to Zen Buddhism, Dale Carnegie courses, Maxwell Maltz's Psycho-Cybernetics, Fritz Perls' Gestalt therapy, Abraham Maslow's transpersonal psychology, Scientology, and Subud, were among other psychological and spiritual influences. [2]:13,121,141 In 1963 Erhard took part in Esalen seminars, becoming involved with encounter groups.[8] In 1967 he completed a Dale Carnegie course in sales and further courses in Gestalt therapy and in transactional analysis.[9]

Zen

In William Bartley's biography, Werner Erhard: The Transformation of a Man, the Founding of est (1978), Erhard describes these explorations. Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging Zen as the essential contribution that "created the space for" est[2]:146,147 Bartley details Erhard's connections with Zen beginning with his extensive studies with Alan Watts in the mid 1960s[2]:118 Bartley quotes Erhard as acknowledging:

Of all the disciplines that I studied, practiced, learned, Zen was the essential one. It was not so much an influence on me, rather it created space. It allowed those things that were there to be there. It gave some form to my experience. And it built up in me the critical mass from which was kindled the experience that produced est. [2]:118

Scientology

William Bartley, in his biography of Werner Erhard, wrote:

“When I asked Werner to sum up the differences between est and Scientology, he reflected for a moment. '...The essential difference between est and Scientology is two-fold. The first has to do with Scientology’s emphasis on survival and its idea that the purpose of life is survival. est sees the purpose of life as wholeness or completion – truth – not survival..
The other main difference between est and Scientology lies in the treatment of knowing. Ron Hubbard seems to have no difficulty in codifying the truth and in urging people to believe it. But I suspect all codifications, particularly my own. In presenting my own ideas, I emphasize their epistemological context. I hold them as pointers to the truth, not as the truth itself.
I don’t think anyone ought to believe the ideas that we use in est. The est philosophy is not a belief system and most certainly ought not to be believed. In any case, even the truth, when believed, is a lie. You must experience the truth, not believe it.'[2]:151,157

The era of the est training (1971 - 1984)

Erhard reported having experienced a revelation while driving across the Golden Gate Bridge on U.S. Route 101 in Marin County, California in 1971. He started to see the world as perfect "the way it is" and reported an insight that his attempts to change or modify either his physical circumstances or his mental outlook had their basis in a conception of the world (that it should differ from "the way it is") that precluded or at least limited one's experiential and creative appreciation of it. Erhard, who had become an instructor of Mind Dynamics[10] [11][12] put together an intensive two–weekend course he called "est".

Werner Erhard and Associates (1981 - 1991) and "the Forum"

In the 1980s, Erhard worked with Fernando Flores [13] — philosopher, senator [14] of Chile and businessman — on aspects of language, setting up sets of practices which make a distinction between, on the one hand "speaking that describes being" with, on the other hand, "speaking that brings forth being". These seminars culminated in Erhard's announcement in 1984 of the retirement of the est-training, after the participation of 750,000 "graduates", and its replacement by a new program called "the Forum", inaugurated in January 1985.

Erhard intended this new "work" to acquire more mainstream respectability and to appeal to business and management markets. What est had called "space" or the "space of being" now became "the domain of possibility" or the "possibility of being for human beings". Where part of est's "Day 4" had included a "three-circle talk" on "being, doing, and having", the Forum now featured three distinctions of the domains of "possibility, presence, and representation"[15]

On February 1, 1991[citation needed], some of the employees of Werner Erhard and Associates purchased the assets of WE&A, licensed the right to use its intellectual property and assumed some of its liabilities, paying $3 million and committing to remitting up to $15 million over the following 18 years in licencing fees.[16] Shortly afterwards the new owners established Landmark Education.[17] Presentations that evolved from the "Forum" developed by Werner Erhard and Associates continue to take place today in major cities in the USA and worldwide as the "Landmark Forum" under the auspices of Landmark Education.

1991 - present

Since his retirement in 1991, Erhard has kept a low profile, except for a few public appearances. He appeared on Larry King Live in an episode titled "Whatever Happened to Werner Erhard?" via satellite from Moscow, Russia on December 8, 1993. As of 2001, Erhard maintained a residence with Gonneke Spits in Georgetown, Cayman Islands[18]

He has worked in the area of peace and reconciliation in Northern Ireland with author Peter Block. [19] He attended an event on May 11, 2004 at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, entitled "From Thought to Action: Growing Leaders in a Changing World". The event took place in honor of a friend, Warren Bennis, who had taken Erhard Seminars Training and then consulted for Werner Erhard and Associates.

In recent years Werner has devoted his time to academic investigation, and presentations in writing and lectures of his ideas. In 2007, Werner Erhard presented a talk exploring the link between integrity, leadership, and increased performance at the John F. Kennedy Center for Public Leadership,[20] led a course on integrity at the 2007 Sloan School of Management’s SIP (Sloan Innovation Period), [21] and spoke at the Harvard Law School program on Corporate Governance. [22] In 2008 he took part in a presentation on integrity at Depaul University[23] and co-led a course on Leadership at the Simon School of Business.[24]

Awards and acknowledgments

Disputes

Charlotte Faltermayer in “The Best of est?” in Time Magazine, March 16, 1998, reported on allegations made in a 60 Minutes segment on Werner Erhard that "was filled with so many factual discrepancies that the transcript was made unavailable with this disclaimer: 'This segment has been deleted at the request of CBS News for legal or copyright reasons.'" [29]

Celeste Erhard filed an unsuccessful $2 million lawsuit against the San Jose Mercury News, saying she “was defrauded and her privacy was invaded during interviews”. She stated on the record that the articles and her appearance on CBS television's 60 Minutes were to get publicity for a book." [30] Charlotte Faltermayer reports that Celeste Erhard's allegations of incest were recanted. [31]

In 1992 a court ruled that "The Forum" had not caused any “mental injuries” to Stephanie Ney; though it entered a default judgment of $380,000 against Werner Erhard — in absentia.[4]:262

The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found Erhard did not have grounds for changing a previous tax decision February 8, 1995, in the case "Werner H. Erhard v. Commissioner Internal Revenue Service.[32]

In September 1996, the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) settled for $200,000 in a damage suit Werner Erhard brought against the IRS for false statements IRS spokesmen made to the press about his tax information. [33] [34]

Public perception

The psychiatrist Marc Galanter described Erhard as "a man with no formal experience in mental health, self help, or religious revivalism, but a background in retail sales."[35]

Michael Zimmerman, Philosophy Professor at Tulane University:

He (Erhard) had no particular formal training in anything, but he understood things as well as anyone I’d ever seen. And I’ve been around a lot of smart people in academia. This is an extraordinary intellect I saw at work here, and a difficult personality. Werner would be the first to admit that he learned a lot from other people. He has debts to other thinkers, to various religious traditions. When I teach my class on Heidegger, for example, I start out with referring to the influences on Heidegger’s thought: Aristotle, Plato, Kant, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard – so many thinkers. So Werner, I think, has to be conceived in that way. He’s a kind of artist, a thinker, an inventor, who has big debts to others, borrowed from others, but then put the whole thing together in a way that no one else had ever done.[36]

Werner Erhard is considered by many[by whom?] to be a cultural icon[peacock term] of the 1970s.[37] Millions of people have been influenced by[peacock term] Erhard’s work through direct participation or the cultural change that occurred as a result of people participating in his transformational programs. [38] Erhard’s seminars received much attention[by whom?], some balanced reporting and some vituperative and unfounded.[39] Erhard's business associates throughout the world, such as Peter Block,[40] Warren Bennis, [41] and Michael Jensen, [42] as well as celebrities such as John Denver,[43] and Diana Ross, [44] spoke highly of Erhard. As noted in Sports Illustrated, Tiger Woods' father said "What I learned through est was that by doing more for myself, I could do much more for others. Which is where Tiger comes in. What I learned led me to give so much time to Tiger, and to give him the space to be himself, and not to smother him with dos and don'ts. I took out the authority aspect and turned it into companionship. I made myself vulnerable as a parent. When you have to earn respect from your child, rather than demanding it because it's owed to you as the father, miracles happen. I realized that, through him, the giving could take a quantum leap. What I could do on a limited scale, he could do on a global scale."[45] Over the years, Werner Erhard’s philosophy has been cited in helping to promote [46] a multi-billion-dollar personal growth industry based on Erhard's original concepts.[47][48]

Related organizations

The Hunger Project

Main article: The Hunger Project Along with John Denver and Oberlin College President Robert W. Fuller, Erhard co-founded The Hunger Project. In 1977 Erhard authored the Hunger Project Source Document, subtitled, “The End of Starvation: Creating an Idea Whose Time Has Come.” [49]

Landmark Education

In 1991 the group that would shortly form Landmark Education purchased the intellectual property of Werner Erhard. In 1998, Time Magazine published an article [50] about Landmark Education and its historical connection to Werner Erhard. The article stated that: "In 1991, before he left the U.S., Erhard sold the 'technology' behind his seminars to his employees, who formed a new company called the Landmark Education Corp., with Erhard's brother Harry Rosenberg at the helm." Landmark Education states that its programs have as their basis ideas originally developed by Erhard, but that Erhard has no financial interest, ownership, or management role in Landmark Education.[51]

In Stephanie Ney v. Landmark Education Corporation (1994),[52] the courts determined Landmark Education Corporation did not have successor-liability to Werner Erhard & Associates, the corporation whose assets Landmark Education purchased.

According to Pressman in Outrageous Betrayal: Landmark Education further agreed to pay Erhard a long-term licensing fee for the material used in the Forum and other courses. Erhard stood to earn up to $15 million over the next 18 years."[4]:253-255 However, Arthur Schreiber's declaration of 3 May 2005 states: "Landmark Education has never paid Erhard under the license agreements (he assigned his rights to others)." [53]

In 2001, New York Magazine reported that Landmark Education's CEO Harry Rosenberg said that the company had bought outright Erhard's license and his rights to the business in Japan and Mexico.[18] From time to time Erhard consults with Landmark Education.[54]

Barbados Group

The Barbados Group represents a "self-selected group of scholars, consultants and practitioners"[55] which aims to build an ontological paradigm of performance in organizations.[56] The group and its main publication-vehicle SSRN both have at their head Michael Jensen, Emeritus Professor at the Harvard Business School, who also has links to the Monitor Group. Accordingly, several of the group's members have links with Landmark Education.[56] Compare theVanto Group, a Landmark Education Company, known as Landmark Education Business Development, or LEBD,[57] from 1993 to 2007.

The Barbados Group was analyzed by economics journalist and author David Warsh, in an article in Economic Principals.[58]

In film

The Century of the Self

Werner Erhard was featured in the 2002 British documentary by Adam Curtis, The Century of the Self, episode part 3 of 4. This segment of the video discusses the est Training in detail, and includes interviews with est graduates John Denver, and Jerry Rubin.

Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard

In 2006, Erhard appeared in the documentary Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard.[59] The film was co-produced by Walter Maksym, who has served as Erhard's attorney.[60]

Books

Biographies

Other books

  • Kettle, James: The est Experience. Zebra Books, 1976.
  • Marks, Pat R.: est: The Movement and the Man. Playboy Press 1976.
  • Raising Hell: How the Center for Investigative Reporting Gets the Story. (Chapter on "Let Them Eat est.") Addison-Wesley, 1983. ISBN 0-201-10858-5
  • Rhinehart, Luke: The Book of est. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.
  • Self, Jane (1992) 60 Minutes and the Assassination of Werner Erhard: How America's Top Rated Television Show Was Used in an Attempt to Destroy a Man Who Was Making A Difference. Breakthru Publishing. ISBN 0-942540-23-9
  • Fenwick, Sheridan (1976). Getting It: The psychology of est. Philadelphia, PA, USA: J. B. Lippincott Company. ISBN 0-397-01170-9

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Werner Erhard
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Bartley, William Warren (1978). Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST. Clarkson Potter. ISBN 0-517-53502-5. 
  3. ^ "Distilled Wisdom: Buddy, Can you Paradigm", Fortune Magazine, May 15, 1995
  4. ^ a b c d Pressman, Steven (1993). Outrageous Betrayal. St Martin's Press. ISBN 0312092962. 
  5. ^ Bartley, William Warren, Werner Erhard The Transformation of a Man: The Founding of EST, Clarkson Potter, 1978. ISBN 0-517-53502-5 pages 117-138
  6. ^ Steven M. Tipton: Getting saved from the sixties: moral meaning in conversion and cultural change. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1982, page 329. ISBN 0520038681
  7. ^ Steven M. Tipton: Getting saved from the sixties: moral meaning in conversion and cultural change. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1982, page 329. ISBN 0520038681
  8. ^ AGPF web-page on Erhard, est etc: "1963 nimmt Erhard an Esalen-Seminaren teil. Er trifft Fritz Perls und ist in mehreren Selbsterfahrungs- und Bewußtseins-Gruppen (Encounter Training)."
  9. ^ AGPF web-page on Erhard, est etc: "1967 absolviert er ein Verkaufstraining bei Dale Carnegie und einige andere Kurse in Gestalt-Therapie und Transaktionsanalyse."
  10. ^ Pressman, Steven, Outrageous Betrayal: The dark journey of Werner Erhard from est to exile. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. ISBN 0-312-09296-2, p.33-34
  11. ^ Wilson, Brian R.; Jamie Cresswell (1999). New Religious Movements: challenge and response. Routledge. pp. 56, 72, 280. ISBN 0415200490. 
    "Especially influenced, it would appear, by his time with Mind Dynamics at the beginning of the 1970s, Erhard went on to found est, (the first seminar ran in October 1971)."
  12. ^ Hoffmann, Frank W.; William G. Bailey (1992). Mind & Society Fads. Haworth Press. pp. 119. ISBN 1560241780. 
  13. ^ Fernando Flores, website, "biografia"
  14. ^ Republica de Chile Senado, website, Senate of Chile, retrieved 9/14/2006
  15. ^ See Industry Weekly June 15 1987 article (vol 233, no 6), "Create Breakthroughs in Performance by Changing the Conversation," by Perry Pascarella; among other sources forthcoming[citation needed].
  16. ^ Compare Bärbel Schwertfeger, "Foreword" in Martin Lell, Das Forum: Protokoll einer Gehirnwäsche: Der Psycho-Konzern Landmark Education [The Forum: Account of a Brainwashing: The Psycho-Outfit Landmark Education], Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich, 1997, ISBN 3-423-36021-6, page 8 : "Am 31.1.91 verkaufte Erhard seine Anteile für drei Millionen Dollar an seine Mitarbeiter, die die Organisation in Landmark Education umbenannten. Landmark verpflichtete sich zudem, in den folgenden achtzehn Jahren bis zu fünfzehn Millionen Dollar Lizenzgebühren an Erhard zu zahlen."
  17. ^ "Landmark Education Corporation: Selling a Paradigm Shift", Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, Karen Hopper and Mikelle Fisher Eastley, 9-898-081, p.1, Rev. April 22, 1998. Availability restricted by Harvard "to faculty and staff of universities" (see Alex Beam, "Church takes to bully pulpit" in the Boston Globe, April 2 1999, page F01; transcribed at http://www.freedomofmind.com/resourcecenter/groups/l/landmark/beam.htm, retrieved 2007-10-21).
  18. ^ a b Pay Money, Be Happy, New York Magazine, Vanessa Grigoriadis, July 9, 2001.
  19. ^ Mastery Foundation
  20. ^ http://content.ksg.harvard.edu/leadership/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=118&Itemid=1
  21. ^ http://mitsloan.mit.edu/newsroom/spotlight-category.php?c=leadership
  22. ^ http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/corporate_governance/speakers.shtml
  23. ^ http://fac.comtech.depaul.edu/khowe/integrity.htm
  24. ^ http://www.simon.rochester.edu/alumni/jensen-vanto-group-leadership-program/index.aspx
  25. ^ . V. J. Fedorschak, Shadow on the Path : Clearing the Psychological Blocks to Spiritual Development, Hohm Press, October 1999, ISBN 0-934252-81-5
  26. ^ Yogesh Gandhi Charged with Tax Evasion, Mail and Wire Fraud and Perjury, Press Release, United States Department of Justice, March 8, 1999
  27. ^ Kurian, Rupa (July 1999). "Sentencing Date for Yogesh Gandhi Set; Could Serve A Year In Prison And Deported to India" (in English). Rediff (Rediff India). http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/01us3.htm. 
  28. ^ Cole, Richard; Michael J. Sniffin (1998). "Feds Add Fraud To Gandhi's Woes" (in English). CBS News (Associated Press). http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/1998/03/05/national/main4299.shtml?CMP=ILC-SearchStories. 
  29. ^ http://www.believermag.com/issues/200305/?read=article_snider believermag.com]Believermag.com retrieved 2007-10-21
  30. ^ "Daughter of est founder sues Mercury News over two articles", San Jose Mercury News, July 16, 1992
  31. ^ Faltermayer, Charlotte (2001-06-24). "The Best Of Est?". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101980316-138763,00.html. Retrieved 2007-09-28. 
  32. ^ Werner H. Erhard v. IRS (9th Circuit 02/08/1995)
  33. ^ "IRS Settles Lawsuit brought by Werner Erhard," Business Wire, September 11, 1996.
  34. ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/LEADER+OF+EST+MOVEMENT+WINS+%24200%2c000+FROM+IRS.-a083966944 Leader of est Movement Wins $200,000 From IRS
  35. ^ Marc Galanter: Cults: faith, healing, and coercion. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. ISBN 9780195056310 , page 80.
  36. ^ Transformation: The Life and Legacy of Werner Erhard at the Internet Movie Database, Documentary, 2006, Directed by Robyn Symon. http://www.transformationfilm.com/
  37. ^ Bruce Schulman: The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics, Da Capo Press, April 16, 2002, pages 96-98
  38. ^ Peter Block: Community,the Structure of Belonging, Berrett-Koehler, 2008, pg.14
  39. ^ Warren Bennis, Leaders, Strategies for Taking Charge, page 68-69
  40. ^ Peter Block: Community,the Structure of Belonging, Berrett-Koehler, 2008, pg.14
  41. ^ Warren Bennis: Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge, Harper Collins, 2003, pg 201
  42. ^ Peter Block: Community,the Structure of Belonging, Berrett-Koehler, 2008, pg.198
  43. ^ Christopher Silvester: Grove Book of Hollywood, Grove Press, November 30, 2000, pg 556
  44. ^ Thomas Adrahtas: A Lifetime to Get Here: Diana Ross: The American Dreamgirl, AuthorHouse, November 20, 2006, pg 157
  45. ^ http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/features/1996/sportsman/1996.html
  46. ^ http://www.transformationfilm.com
  47. ^ Marianne Williamson, The Age of Miracles: Embracing the New Midlife;Hay House Inc.,January 31, 2008, pgs x, xi
  48. ^ Casey Hawley:100+ Tactics for Office Politics (Barron's Business Success Guides); Barrons Educational Series; 2 edition, June 1, 2008, page 173
  49. ^ net
  50. ^ "The Best Of Est?". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101980316-138763,00.html. 
  51. ^ Landmark Education, media Q&A
  52. ^ Case reference, Rickross.com
  53. ^ Declaration filed 5 May 2005 at the US District Court of New Jersey, civil action 04-3022 (JCL), pp 3 and 4, via Rickross.com. retrieved 2006-11-15
  54. ^ Landmark Education website
  55. ^ "Announcing Barbados Group Abstracting Journal", retrieved 2008-03-05
  56. ^ a b http://ssrnwww.ssrn.com/dev/ann624742.html, retrieved 2008-03-05
  57. ^ Landmark Education Business Development, LEBD, Changes Name to Vanto Group" at Reuters.com, 2008-02-01. Retrieved 2008-04-01
  58. ^ Beyond Coordination and Control Is... Transformation, by David Warsh, Economic Principals, www.economicprincipals.com, April 8, 2007.
  59. ^ Guzman, Rafer (August 14, 2008). "Movie Buzz: WHO Werner Erhard, THE DEAL The founder of the controversial training program called est". Newsday (Newsday, Inc.): p. B9. 
  60. ^ Guzman, Rafer (August 14, 2008). "Movie Buzz: WHO Werner Erhard, THE DEAL The founder of the controversial training program called est". Newsday (Newsday, Inc.): p. B9. 

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