wind chimes

An arrangement of small suspended pieces, as of glass, metal, or ceramic, hung loosely together so that they tinkle pleasingly when blown by the wind. Also called wind-bells.

Background

The wind chime is a musical instrument that harnesses the wind as its player and composer. The wind chime is also called a wind bell, and it is made in three basic configurations:

• a cluster of similar objects (metal tubes, seashells, glass pieces, lengths of bamboo, or fragments of pottery) that hang from a central support and tinkle when moved by the wind;
• a cluster of objects including a clapper suspended from the support that chimes as the breezes blow against a flat plate or wind catcher at the end of the clapper;
• a bell with a long clapper attached to a wind catcher that plays as the wind strikes the clapper against the bell.

History

The wind chime is a product of many cultures and many times. Bells were first invented in prehistoric times, and the earliest evidence of them dates from 3000 B.C. and was found at archaeological sites in Southeast Asia. By 2000 B.C., bells had been developed independently along the shores of the Mediterranean and were being cast from bronze by the Egyptians.

The ancient civilizations of Asia can claim the musical and artistic refinements of the wind chime as theirs. The Chinese were casting bells by 1100 B.C., and they created the wind bell that they call feng-ling. Wind chimes were considered religious objects that were believed to attract kind spirits and drive away evil ones. The Buddhists especially revered wind bells and hung them by the hundreds from the eaves of shrines, pagodas, temples, and in caves. In Japan, China, Tibet, and Bali, the religious custom was adopted in the secular world, and many homes were similarly decked with the distinctive chimes. In Japan, wind chimes are called fürin.

Where bamboo grows easily, wind chimes made of lengths of bamboo may be even more ancient. In Bali especially, large sets of bamboo chimes are hung in the rice fields where they perform the practical services of startling birds and animals, as well as charming the spirits.

Metal sets of tuned, tubular bells were perfected for use in orchestras in the nineteenth century. Precisely tuned, high-quality wind chimes seemed to follow the development of instrumental chimes and have been aided by technology that allows precision cutting and tuning to both ancient and modern musical scales.

Wind bells and chimes became a decorative art as well that used a wide variety of materials and ranged from simple to extremely elaborate in size, construction, and ornamentation. The double attraction of sound and appearance helped the wind chime spread to the Western world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Raw Materials

The traditional or percussion wind chime is of the simplest in appearance but the most precise in design. Its material requirements include wood pieces for the top or support and the wind catcher, metal pipes or tubes that are usually made of aluminum, a top ring for suspending the whole chime, metal fasteners or nails, and braided nylon string for stitching the pieces together. The wood can be of many types, and it is treated with oil as the only weatherproofing.

Novelty wind chimes are made with brass, bronze, copper, or bamboo tubes. In place of tubes, they may make music with suspended shells, clay pottery shapes, die-cut metal pieces, glass, or other tinkling objects. Their supports and clappers may be equally diverse. Driftwood, metal shapes, and resin ornaments are among hundreds of available choices. Paint, glue, many varieties of string, and hangers of different styles and materials are used for this school of wind chime design.

Design

Wind chimes come in every size and shape. The tiniest can be worn as earrings, and another mini model fits in the palm of the hand and has three pipes. The largest has tubes that are 58 in (147 cm) long and resonates like the bells in Big Ben's clock tower. Some are mounted on magnets or plant stakes, and most are hung from ornamental shapes or objects.

The emphasis among many designers and manufacturers today is the quality of the sound produced by the chimes. Woodstock Percussion, Inc., began a design revolution in wind chimes in 1979 when the firm began to produce chimes with distinctive sounds and scales that are musically tuned by computer. They looked to other cultures to find historical scales on which to base wind chime melodies and designed chimes with the feel and tone of the chimes of Bali in Indonesia or the Gregorian chant mode.

Durability is also an issue because most chimes are designed for outdoor display, so they must withstand not only the wind but sun, temperature extremes, and precipitation.

The Manufacturing
Process

The type of chime described here is a traditional, percussion wind chime made of aluminum tubes, any of a variety of types and shapes of wood as the top, braided nylon string that is used to attach the tubes to their top and the top to the hanger, and metal fasteners or nails to clip the strings to the wood.

1. The wood top is fabricated by cutting it into the selected shape, machining and sanding the cut piece, and treating it with oil to protect it against the elements. Holes are drilled through the wood to allow for the supporting strings to pass through.
2. The manufacturer buys long lengths of aluminum tubing from a specialty supplier. The tubes are 8-12 ft (2.4-3.7 m) long, depending on the diameter of the tube chosen to suit the overall size of the design. The tubes are precisely cut to initial or working lengths by using a lathe or a milling machine. Four to eight tubes are used in a typical wind chime. Each tube in a precision instrument is then computer tuned; the computer has been programmed to know the material and compare the sound when the tube is struck to exact pitches for the musical scale that, again, is part of the chosen design. If necessary, the tubes are trimmed slightly to adjust the sound. Holes are then drilled near the tops of the cut pipes so they can be suspended; these holes are counter-sunk so there are no sharp, extemal edges.
3. In the assembly area, the wind chime is put together by hand in what is essentially a sewing operation. The braided nylon line is strung through the tubes and the top. The top is linked to the hanger, and the center string assembly is added. At the bottom end of the center string, the clapper is attached; some manufacturers call the clapper a feather or wind catcher. A hang tag is tied to the completed wind chime.
4. The finished product is given a final visual inspection and packaged for sale or shipment.

Quality Control

Quality inspections are performed throughout the manufacturing process. Skilled wood and metal workers handle these materials and reject any that have cuts or nicks. In the assembly area, the assembly crew is also responsible for rejecting materials and workmanship that are substandard. The final quality inspection occurs just before the complete wind chime is packed.

Byproducts/Waste

Wind chime manufacturers do not make byproducts, per se, but they often produce many varieties of wind chime or versions of their designs. They also generate very little waste. Aluminum waste is minimized by careful machining techniques. The small amount of waste aluminum that does result is recycled. Hazards associated with wind chime production are also extremely limited.

The Future

Like many products with a long history, the wind chime seems to have prospects for an equally long future. Gardening is the number one hobby in the United States, and wind chimes are pleasing accessories for gardens, decks, and patios. The wind chime also experienced a renaissance in interest starting in about 1979 when computer technology began to make it possible to produce an in-tune and truly musical wind chime. The instrument's ties to music and many cultures make it universally loved.

Where to Learn More

Books

Sadie, Stanley. The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, 1984.

Periodicals

Zetlin, Melinda. "A ringing success." Nation's Business (February 1996): 12+.

Other

Woodstock Percussion, Inc. http://www.wodstockchimes.com/ (June 29, 1999).

[Article by: Gillian S. Holmes]

Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (March 2009)

The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page. (March 2009)

For the Beach Boys song, see Wind Chimes (song).

A metal wind chime

Wind chimes are chimes constructed from suspended tubes, rods or other objects and are often made of metal or wood. Wind chimes are usually hung outside of a building or house and are intended to be played by the wind. Sound can be produced when the tubes or rods come in contact with a suspended central clapper, in the form of a ball or horizontal disk, or each other. Wind chimes may be used to observe changes in wind direction, depending on where they are hung.

Contents 1 History 2 Sound 3 Materials 4 Use in music 5 Wind chime images 6 References

History

Modern wind chimes have their origins in Indian wind bells. By the second century CE, these wind bells were being hung on the corners of large pagodas with the purpose of scaring away birds and evil spirits ^[1]. Later, wind bells were introduced to China and were also hung in temples, palaces and homes. Japanese glass wind bells known as Fūrin (風鈴) have been produced since the Edo period ^[2]. Wind chimes are thought to be good luck in parts of Asia and are used in Feng Shui.

Sound

	Wind chimes A recording of wind chimes.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Chimes produce inharmonic (as opposed to harmonic) spectra, although if they are hung at about 1/5th of their length (22.4%)^[3], the higher partials are dampened and the fundamental is brought out. This is common practice in high-quality wind chimes, which are also usually hung so the center ball strikes the center of the wind chime's length. Frequency is determined by the length, width, thickness, and material. There are formulas that help predict the proper length to achieve a particular note, though a bit of fine tuning is often needed.

In instruments such as an organ pipe, the pitch is determined primarily by the length of the air column. It is the air that vibrates. The pipe material helps determine the "timbre" or "voice" of the pipe, but the air column determines the pitch. In a wind chime, the pipe itself is being struck and the air column has little to do with the sound produced.

Materials

A close-up of metal rods on a wind chime

Wind chimes can be made of materials other than metal or wood and in shapes other than tubes or rods. Other wind chimes materials include glass, bamboo, shell, stone and porcelain^[4]. More exotic items, such as silverware or cookie cutters, can also be recycled to create wind chimes^[5]. The selected material can have a large impact on the sound a wind chime produces. The sounds produced are not tunable to specific notes and range from pleasant tinkling to dull thuds.

The tone will depend on factors such as the material, the exact alloy, and heat treatment and the use of a solid cylinder or a tube. If a tube is used, the wall thickness also has an impact on the tone. Tone may also depend on the hanging method. The tone quality will also depend on the material of the object that is used to hit the chimes.

Use in music

David Sitek with a wind chime suspended from his guitar.

Different types of wind chimes have also been used in modern music and are listed as a percussion instrument. The following is a brief list of artists and composers who have used them:

• Oliver Messiaen: Saint-François d'Assise (one set of glass, shell and wood chimes)
• Toshiro Mayuzumi: Bugaku (one set of wood and glass chimes)
• Giles Swayne Symphony No. 1 (one set of glass chimes)
• David Sitek, of American rock band TV on the Radio, sometimes hangs a wind chime from the end of his guitar to add texture to his music^[6].

Wind chime images

A Japanese Fūrin wind chime

A set of small wind chimes

Wind chimes in Nagano, Japan

Old hard disk platters used as a wind chime

References

1. ^ Westcott, Wendell (1970). Bells and Their Music. G.P. Putnam. ISBN 76-77762. https://www.msu.edu/~carillon/batmbook/chapter1.htm. 
2. ^ Amano, Kenichi; Kawakami, Takashi (May 28, 2007). "Foreign tourists find real Tokyo" (in English). The Nikkei Weekly. 
3. ^ "Physics of Music". Michigan Tech. Michigan Tech. 2009-01-08. http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~suits/windchime.html. 
4. ^ "Wind chimes". Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary. Virginia Tech. 2009-01-08. http://www.music.vt.edu/musicdictionary/textw/Windchimes.html. 
5. ^ MacKenzie, Peggy (August 25, 2007). "Crafted silver chimes hit right note; Retooled cutlery the meat and potatoes of woman's successful small business" (in English). The Toronto Star. pp. H05. 
6. ^ Anderman, Joan (October 15, 2008). "Connecting with TV on the Radio" (in English). The Boston Globe. pp. B07. http://www.boston.com/lifestyle/food/articles/2008/10/15/connecting_with_tv_on_the_radio/. 

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