Almroth Wright

Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: Sir Almroth Edward Wright

(born Aug. 10, 1861, Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, Eng. — died April 30, 1947, Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire) British bacteriologist and immunologist. While teaching at the Army Medical School in Netley (from 1892), he developed a typhoid immunization that used killed typhoid bacilli. It made Britain the only country with troops immunized against typhoid at the start of World War I, the first war in which fewer British soldiers died of infection than from trauma. He also developed vaccines against enteric tuberculosis and pneumonia. He was well known for advancing autogenous vaccines (vaccines prepared from a patient's own bacteria).

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Dictionary of Dance: (Sir) Peter Wright

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Wright, (Sir) Peter (b London, 25 Nov. 1926). British dancer, choreographer, and director. He studied with Jooss, Volkova, and van Praagh and danced with Ballets Jooss (1945-7 and 1951-2), Metropolitan Ballet (1947-9), St James' Ballet (1948), and Sadler's Wells Theatre Ballet (1949-51 and 1952-5) where he also became assistant ballet master. He taught at the Royal Ballet School (1957-9), and was ballet master at Stuttgart Ballet (1961-7) where he choreographed several works and staged Giselle in 1965. During this period (1963-5) he also worked at the BBC as ballet master and choreographer for television productions, creating Peter and the Wolf (mus. Prokofiev, 1965), and others. He subsequently worked as freelance choreographer and ballet master for such companies as Cologne and Western Theatre Ballet until 1970 when he was appointed associate director of Royal Ballet, becoming director of the Royal Ballet Touring Company in 1975 (renamed Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet and subsequently Birmingham Royal Ballet). He created his first ballet in 1957, A Blue Rose (mus. Barber, for Royal Ballet Touring Company) and later works included The Mirror Walkers (mus. Tchaikovsky, 1962, for Stuttgart Ballet), Arpège (mus. Boieldieu, 1974), and Summertide (mus. Mendelssohn, 1976, both for Royal Ballet Touring Company). However, it has been his detailed, dramatically realistic stagings of the classics which have brought him greatest acclaim, including Swan Lake (1981) and Giselle (1965 and 1987). As a director he has also been admired, turning the Touring Company into a major classical company, with a fine ensemble of dancers and a distinctive repertory that spanned the standard classics, revivals of major 20th-century works such as Massine's Choreartium and Jooss's The Green Table, and new works by company members like Bintley and Oliver Hindle. He oversaw the company's historic re-location to Birmingham in 1990 before retiring in 1995. He was knighted in 1993.

Columbia Encyclopedia: Sir Almroth Edward Wright

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Wright, Sir Almroth Edward, 1861-1947, British pathologist. He was professor of pathology (1892-1902) at the Army Medical School, Netley, and professor of experimental pathology, Univ. of London, and principal of the Institute of Pathology and Research (1902-46), St. Mary's Hospital, London. In 1906 he was knighted. An authority on vaccine therapy, he developed a system of antityphoid inoculation and a method of measuring protective substances in human blood (opsonins). His works include Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds (1942), Researches in Clinical Physiology (1943), and Studies on Immunization (2 vol., 1943-44).

Medical Dictionary: Wright

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(rīt), Sir Almroth Edward 1861–1947.

British physician and pathologist who developed (1896) a vaccine against typhoid fever.

Wikipedia: Almroth Wright

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Almroth Wright
Sir Almroth E. Wright at Cambridge.
Born	August 10, 1861 Middleton Tyas, Yorkshire, England.
Died	April 30, 1947 Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, England
Residence	Australia, France, Germany, England.
Nationality	United Kingdom
Fields	bacteriology immunology
Institutions	Netley Hospital St Mary's Hospital, London
Alma mater	Trinity College, Dublin
Known for	vaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines

Sir Almroth Edward Wright, KBE, CB (1861-1947) was a British bacteriologist and immunologist. He is best known for advancing vaccination through the use of autogenous vaccines (prepared from the bacteria harboured by the patient) and also through typhoid vaccination with typhoid bacilli killed by heat.

1 Biography
2 Works
3 References
4 See also

Biography

In the 19th century, Wright worked with the armed forces of Britain to develop vaccines and promote immunisation.

In 1902 Wright started a research department at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. He developed a system of anti-typhoid inoculation and a method of measuring protective substances (opsonin) in human blood. Citing the example of the Second Boer War, during which many soldiers died from easily preventable diseases, Wright convinced the armed forces that 10 million vaccines for the troops in northern France should be produced during World War I. Among the many bacteriologists who followed in Wright's footsteps at St Mary's was Sir Alexander Fleming, who in turn later discovered lysozyme and penicillin.

Wright warned early on that antibiotics would create resistant bacteria, something that has proven an increasing danger. He made his thoughts on preventive medicine influential, stressing preventive measures. Wright's ideas have been re-asserted recently—50 years after his death—by modern researchers in articles in such periodicals as Scientific American.

He also proposed that logic be introduced as a part of medical training, but his idea was never adopted. Wright also pointed out that Pasteur and Fleming, although both excellent researchers, had not actually managed to find cures for the diseases which they had sought cures, but instead had stumbled upon cures for totally unrelated diseases.

The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage by Sir Almroth Wright M.D. F.R.S. was published in 1913, and is available on Project Gutenberg.

Wright was immortalised by George Bernard Shaw as Sir Colenso Ridgeon in the play 'The Doctor's Dilemma' written in 1906.

Works

The Unexpurgated Case against Woman Suffrage (1913)
Pathology and Treatment of War Wounds (1942)
Researches in Clinical Physiology (1943)
Studies on Immunization (2 vol., 1943–44)

References

Walker, N M (2007), "Edward Almroth Wright.", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 153 (1): 16–7, 2007 Mar, PMID 17575871
Stone, Marvin J (2007), "The reserves of life: William Osler versus Almroth Wright.", Journal of medical biography 15 Suppl 1: 28–31, PMID 17356738
Diggins, Francis (2002), "Who was...Almroth Wright?", Biologist (London, England) 49 (6): 280–2, 2002 Dec, PMID 12486306
Matthews, J Rosser (2002), "Almroth Wright, vaccine therapy, and British biometrics: disciplinary expertise versus statistical objectivity.", Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 67: 125–47, PMID 12215201
Worboys, M (1999), "Almroth Wright at Netley: modern medicine and the military in Britain, 1892-1902.", Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 55: 77–97, PMID 10631532
Baron, J H (1997), "Scurvy, Lancaster, Lind, Scott and Almroth Wright.", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90 (7): 415, 1997 Jul, PMID 9290433
Meynell, E W (1996), "Some account of the British military hospitals of World War I at Etaples, in the orbit of Sir Almroth Wright.", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 142 (1): 43–7, 1996 Feb, PMID 8667330
Matthews, J R (1995), "Major Greenwood versus Almroth Wright: contrasting visions of "scientific" medicine in Edwardian Britain.", Bulletin of the history of medicine 69 (1): 30–43, PMID 7711458
Turk, J L (1994), "Almroth Wright--phagocytosis and opsonization.", Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 87 (10): 576–7, 1994 Oct, PMID 7966100
Gillespie, W (1991), "Paul Ehrlich and Almroth Wright.", West of England medical journal 106 (4): 107, 118, 1991 Dec, PMID 1820079
Allison, V D (1974), "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming.", The Ulster medical journal 43 (2): 89–98, PMID 4612919
Hatcher, J (1972), "Sir Almroth Wright; pioneer of humanised cows' milk.", Midwives chronicle 86 (18): 356, 1972 Nov, PMID 4485442
Fish, W; Cope, Z; Gray, A C (1961), "Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861-1947).", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 107: 130–6, 1961 Jul, PMID 14447829
FISH, W; COPE, Z; GRAY, A C (1961), "Sir Almroth WRIGHT (1861-1947).", Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 107: 130–6, 1961 Jul, PMID 13699916
COLEBROOK, L (1953), "Almroth Wright; pioneer in immunology.", British medical journal 2 (4837): 635–40, 1953 Sep 19, doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4837.635, PMID 13082064
Works by Almroth Wright at Project Gutenberg

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Almroth Wright

Contents

Biography

Works

References

See also