young stellar object: Definition from Answers.com

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Star Formation

Classes of Object

Herbig-Haro object

Theoretical Concepts

Young stellar object (YSO) denotes a star in its early stage of evolution.

This class consists of two groups of objects: protostars and pre-main sequence stars. Sometimes they are divided by mass - massive YSO (MYSO), intermediate mass YSO and brown dwarfs.

YSO are usually classified using criteria based on the slope of their SED, introduced by Lada C.J. and Wilking B.A. in 1984. They proposed three classes (I, II and III), based on the values of intervals of spectral index $\alpha \,$ :

$\alpha=\frac{d\log(\nu F_\nu)}{d\log(\nu)}$ .

Here $\nu \,$ is frequency, $F ν$ is flux density.

The $\alpha \,$ is calculated in the wavelength interval of 2.2–10 $μ m$ (near infrared region). Later Greene et al. in 1994 added a fourth class of "flat spectrum" class sources. In 1993 Andre et al. discovered class 0—objects with strong submillimeter emission, but very faint at $λ < 10μ m$ .

Class 0 sources - undetectable at $λ < 10μ m$
Class I sources have $α > 0.3$
Flat spectrum sources have $0.3 > α > - 0.3$
Class II sources have $- 0.3 > α > - 1.6$
Class III sources have $α < - 1.6$

This classification schema roughly reflects evolutionary sequence. It is believed that most deeply embedded Class 0 sources evolve towards Class I stage dissipating their circumstellar envelopes. Eventually they become optically visible on the stellar birthline as pre-main sequence stars.

YSO are also associated with early star evolution phenomena: circumstellar jets and bipolar outflows, masers, Herbig-Haro objects, protoplanetary disks (circumstellar disks or proplyds).

References

Lada, C. J.; Wilking, B. A. (1984),The nature of the embedded population in the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - Mid-infrared observations, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 287, pp. 610-621
Greene, Thomas P.; Wilking, Bruce A.; Andre, Philippe; Young, Erick T.; Lada, Charles J. (1994), Further mid-infrared study of the rho Ophiuchi cloud young stellar population: Luminosities and masses of pre-main-sequence stars, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 434, pp. 614-626
Andre, Philippe; Ward-Thompson, Derek; Barsony, Mary (1993), Submillimeter continuum observations of Rho Ophiuchi A - The candidate protostar VLA 1623 and prestellar clumps, The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 406, pp. 122-141

v • d • e Star

Evolution	Formation · Pre-main sequence · Main sequence · Horizontal branch · Asymptotic giant branch · Instability strip · Red clump · Planetary nebula · Protoplanetary nebula · Luminous blue variable · Wolf-Rayet star · Supernova imposter · Supernova · Hypernova · Hertzsprung-Russell diagram

Protostars	Molecular cloud · Bok globule · Young stellar object · Herbig-Haro object · Hayashi track · Hayashi limit · Henyey track · T Tauri star · Herbig Ae/Be stars

Types	Subdwarf · Dwarf (Blue · Orange · Red · Yellow) · Subgiant · Giant (Red) · Bright giant · Supergiant (Blue · Red · Yellow) · Hypergiant (Yellow) · Blue straggler · Shell · Carbon (CH) · Barium · S-type · Peculiar · Technetium · Mercury-manganese · Variable

Remnants	White dwarf · Neutron star (Pulsar · Magnetar) · Stellar black hole · Compact star (Exotic star · Quark star · Preon star · Q star) · Black dwarf

Failed stars	Brown dwarf · Sub-brown dwarf · Planetar

Structure	Core · Convection zone · Radiation zone · Photosphere · Chromosphere · Corona · Stellar wind · Stellar wind bubble · Metallicity · Magnetic field · Asteroseismology · Solar-like oscillations · Eddington luminosity

Nucleosynthesis	S-process · Alpha process · Triple-alpha process · Proton-proton chain · CNO cycle · Carbon burning · Neon burning · Oxygen burning · Silicon burning · Helium flash

Properties	Classification · Effective temperature · Kinematics (Proper motion · Radial velocity) · Microturbulence · Mass · Planetary system · Rotation · Star system (Binary · Multiple) · Dynamics · UBV color · Designation · Absolute magnitude · Apparent magnitude

Lists	Star names · Most massive · Least massive · Largest · Brightest · Most luminous · Nearest · Brown dwarfs · Timeline of stellar astronomy

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young stellar object

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