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It is a guitar that is fitted with Pic-ups these are used to capture the sound from the strings and relay it via and amplifier/speaker, to connect the guitar to the amplifier/speaker you use a guitar lead.
The main purpose of a guitar amplifier is to simply amplify the signal coming from an electric guitar. Essentially using the amplifier as a type of loudspeaker. They can also be used to modify the sound of the guitar as well, but simple signal amplification is the main purpose.
Pick it up, rest it on your lap with strings facing away from you and the head of the guitar to your left (if a right handed guitar and vice versa if left). Plug into an amplifier, turn on amplifier, strum the strings. You have used an electric guitar. You may also use it for wife beating.
An effects processor is used to add special effects to the music played by an electric guitar. The processor sits between the guitar and the amplifier, modifying the guitar signal as it is sent through it.
The most common decibel used in guitar amps would be 95 and 100 decibels. This would usually be a 60 watt amplifier.
You can buy a used Gibson Guitar Amplifier at Guitar Center, in their used gear section. These Amplifiers can be very pricey, because they can be collectors items, costing from around $149 to more than $2000.
That would depend on the decibel range output of the amplifier used by it. A very well designed electric guitar itself without an amplifier is barely audible. A small 30W amp will maximize at around 90dB.
Electromagnets are not used on bass guitars, but guitar and bass guitar pickups use magnets in order to turn the string's vibration into an electrical signal to send to amplifier.
A semi-Acoustic, or Electro-acoustic guitar, can be plugged into an amplifier and have FX pedals used with it, an acoustic guitar doesn't work with amp whatsoever, and it can only be played unplugged
Yes. While there are many different types of instrument chords meant for different instruments and even styles, all can be used to connect any instrument to any amplifier. The only exception is that a speaker cable (connecting an amp to a cabinet/speaker), will NEVER work to connect an instrument to an amplifier. Note that, in emergency situations, you can use any instrument cable as a substitute for a speaker cable. This substitution is mildly risky for your speaker, so try to avoid it. Also, NEVER use a bass guitar with a guitar amplifier. It can't handle the low frequencies of a bass guitar. You can use a guitar with a bass amplifier safely, but the tone will not be as good.
A transistor does not act as an amplifier. It is used as a component in an amplifier circuit.
Guitar effect pedals were invented in the late 60's and more development into effects came in the 70's. The purpose of the effect pedal, namely the ever popular distortion, overdrive, feedback and delay pedals, was to eliminate the need to crack amplifier tubes and overdriving the feedback by proximity to the amplifier. Later, flanger, phaser and Hendrix's heavy use of the Wah-Wah effect became increasingly popular through sound shaping and dynamics. Most pedals are used do avoid amplifier and instrument abuse and damage. The sound dynamics from a pedal is designed to give the guitar the best effect based on varying conditions; loudness, regular amplifier distortion and feedback, the general acoustics of the venue, the amplifier cabinet type... the possibilities are limitless.