Light that comes from the sun is polarized by these magnetic fields. A meter can determine the different directions of the light and detect interference. This interference is known as a magnetic field.
Yes they can do that via the Zeeman effect, by which dark lines in the spectrum of the star are split into multiple lines close together in wavelength by the action of a magnetic field.
So astronomer look at the spectrum of a star to find out its magnetic field, using a spectrograph or a spectrometer attached to a large telescope.
The reasons behind the magnetic field of a neutron star are not clear. Neutron stars are the collapsed core of star of 10 to 30 solar masses. One theory is that the magnetic field of a neutron star is because of the conservation of magnetic flux. If a star had a magnetic flux over its surface and the star then collapsed to a much smaller neutron star but the flux was conserved, then the same flux for the neutron star would be spread over a much smaller area making the magnetic field much stronger. But this explanation goes only partway towards explaining the neutron stars' magnetic field.
Primarily, it's spectrum (it's light seen through a spectrograph).
A pulsar
The Sun's own magnetic field - the star is the largest and most active component of the system.
All of the above. See related questions.
The reasons behind the magnetic field of a neutron star are not clear. Neutron stars are the collapsed core of star of 10 to 30 solar masses. One theory is that the magnetic field of a neutron star is because of the conservation of magnetic flux. If a star had a magnetic flux over its surface and the star then collapsed to a much smaller neutron star but the flux was conserved, then the same flux for the neutron star would be spread over a much smaller area making the magnetic field much stronger. But this explanation goes only partway towards explaining the neutron stars' magnetic field.
Primarily, it's spectrum (it's light seen through a spectrograph).
As far as I know, in a magnetar, which is a special type of neutron star.
A pulsar
What elements the star is made of.
The Sun's own magnetic field - the star is the largest and most active component of the system.
All of the above. See related questions.
telescopes
A pulsar is a rapidly spinning neutron star that releases regular pulses of electromagnetic radiation from its magnetic field
no the Aurora Borealis is not a star. it is more commonly called the "northern Lights" the effect is when the magnetic field around the earth deflects the radiation from the sun. that is how the "light" effect is caused.
firstly, its " Who studies the stars?" the answer is astronomers
Astronomers use celestial spheres and mathematical equations to approximate the distances between the star and other celestial objects.