No, the .22 cartridge is too small and will fall completely through the cylinder bore of a revolver, or entirely through the chamber and barrel of a semi-automatic pistol.
.45 ACP
Generally speaking, no. You can only fire the caliber for which the gun is chambered. There are some exceptions, but not many.
If you mean a .40 caliber bullet in a .32 caliber gun- no. The bullet would be 8 thousandths of inch too large to fit in the gun. Caliber refers to the diameter of the bullet, so a .40 caliber bullet is ABOUT .40 inches across, and a .32 bullet ABOUT .32 inches across.
The short answer is no. The longer answer is, you might be able to get a .40 caliber cartridge to fire from a .45 caliber gun, but it may damage the gun, and even if it doesn't damage the gun, it will cause other problems. In general (with only a few exceptions) you should never try to fire any cartridge in any gun other than a gun designed for that caliber.
It's the recoil from the force of the bullet being fired. The gun powder pushes the bullet forward and also equally pushes the gun back into your hand.
About 1 mile, when fired at a 45 degree angle.
No, the bullet will not seat.
Its the size of the bullet that the gun is made for. its the caliber that a handgun uses
It depends on the caliber of the bullet.
No
No, never attempt to fire ammunition in a weapon it was not designed for!.
A 40mm handgun would fire a bullet the size of a golf ball. No such critter. There IS a .40 caliber handgun (about 10mm). There are dozens of larger caliber handguns than .40 caliber. They include the .41, .44. .45, .455. .460, .475, .500- and several others.