No, if the device requires 12 VDC then no substitute adapter of a different voltage will work.
No, a 9 volt 2 amp device is the same as 9 volt 2000 mA device. As you can see you would be trying to draw 10 times the amount of current from the adaptor that is was designed to produce.
No, the supplies output is too small. To run a 550mA device a supply source of 600mA and larger would be needed.
The adapter's voltage must match that of the device, and its current-rating must exceed that of the device. So the answer is yes.
I wouldn't recommend it ! If the device needs to draw more current than is available - the adapter could overheat, posing a fire risk.
12v 1000mA means that the maximum output of that unit is 1000 milliamps at 12 volts. 12v 150 mA means that the maximum output of that unit is 150 milliamps at 12 volts. So if you need 150 milliamps at 12v either will do. BUT if you need over 150 milliamps at 12v then you must go for the 1000 mA unit. By the way there are 1000 milliamps in 1 amp.
It will take longer to charge the device
No, the new adapter will not be able to safely supply enough current.
No, if your device require 3.0A, 1500ma adapter which is 1.5A is not enough, voltage wise is fine, your adapter adapter will get warm, then overheat, then very likely fail.
Yes. If you have a device rated at 12 Volts and 150 milliamps, you can use any power supply that will deliver at least 150 milliamps at 12 Volts. The important item is to keep the 12 volts at 12 volts. Even if you had a power supply that delivered 2000 amps at 12 volts you would be OK as it will only draw the 150ma that it needs.
You would overload and damage the device and/or the adapter.
input voltage is strictly according to applications. If use 12V dc adapter power 5V dc device, the 5v dc device would be damaged.
No, 12 volt AC is a different from 12 volt DC. Have a second look at the 12 AC volt adapter's output label. Most adapters contain a bridge rectifier in them that makes a conversion within the adapter. An example of this is in phone chargers.
Yes