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A capacitor that is suddenly connected to a battery will charge to the battery voltage. The time to do this is dependent on the current capacity of the battery and wiring, and the capacitance of the capacitor. This represents an instantaneous short circuit, which lasts for a (usually) very short time - but damage could be done if there was no resistance.

A charged capacitor that is suddenly disconnected from a battery will hold that voltage. The length of time it will hold is dependent on how much leakage current there is.

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Q: Describe the response of a capacitor when connected to and then disconnected from a battery?
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