Yes. Pretty much every state requires the same process. Pistol safety course, paperwork, waiting, more waiting and more waiting. Back when I got mine it wasn't so bad but now everybody and his/her grandmother (nothing against grandmothers - I love grandmothers) is trying to get a license. My friend has been waiting several months for his paperwork to come back. Don't delay.
Assuming you mean in order to get a weapons/handgun permit, it depends on your state law. Each state sets its own laws. You didn't ask this, but I would recommend taking the class anyway. The reason: being in the military doesn't mean that you are familiar with state carry permit laws. Civilian carry permit laws are different and, generally speaking, have nothing to do with military laws.
No
Concealed weapons are typically used for self defense.
Being a Florida concealed weapons instructor I can say for sure that Florida does.
It depends on where you are located.
A concealed weapons permit is only a license that allows you to carry a firearm in public without it being clearly visible. Owning a firearm is a completely different set of permissions, and is usually required before you can even get a concealed weapons permit.
No.
Yes
21.
Certainly.
No
No
In general, we live in a peaceful society in which it is not necessary for people to carry weapons, whether concealed or displayed. However, depending upon a person's specific circumstances, it is sometimes useful to carry weapons and sometimes useful to carry concealed weapons.