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Epidemiology

Epidemiology is the branch of medical science that deals with the transmission and control of disease. Epidemiology is the study of health events, health characteristics and health determinant patterns in a population. It is a cornerstone method of public health research and its major areas of work include outbreak investigation; disease surveillance and screening; biomonitoring; and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials.

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What are the components of epidemiology?

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Epidemiology encompasses key components such as descriptive and analytical elements, measuring disease frequency and association, and considerations of causation. Descriptive epidemiology examines who, what, where, and when of health events, while analytical epidemiology involves hypothesis generation and study design to explore associations. Measures like incidence and prevalence quantify disease occurrence, and risk ratios and odds ratios evaluate associations. Surveillance ensures ongoing data collection for public health planning, and outbreak investigations address clusters of cases. Together, these components provide a comprehensive understanding of health events in populations, guiding evidence-based public health interventions and policies.

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With its well-illustrated video lectures, concise notes, and self-assessment questions, this course offers students an integrated learning experience from gaining in-depth information and understanding to confidently evaluating their learning with multiple-choice questions.

I highly recommend this course to every student in this area, also available at a very cheap price.

What are the types of epidemiology?

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The study of health-related, including their distribution and determinants, and the application of this knowledge to prevent or manage health issues is known as epidemiology. Epidemiology comes in a variety of forms, with each branch concentrating on a particular facet of illness trends, causes, and prevention. The primary categories of epidemiology comprise:

• Descriptive Epidemiology: In order to produce theories regarding possible causes, descriptive epidemiology focuses on characterizing the distribution of diseases by person, place, and time.

• Analytical epidemiology: It uses cohort or case-control studies to examine connections between exposures and outcomes in order to shed light on causal links.

• Experimental Epidemiology: Conducting clinical trials or experiments to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic or preventive interventions in managing diseases is known as experimental epidemiology.

• Cross-Sectional Epidemiology: It Provides a moment in time health status information for the community by examining illness prevalence and related determinants.

These are some of the branches of epidemiology. Students can learn more about epidemiology concepts and other branches of epidemiology through an online course - Community Medicine for UnderGrads Dr Bratati Banerjee on DigiNerve.

Having used this course for my preparation, I can assure you that this is the best course available in the market. The clear and in-depth explanations provided in this course through video lectures and notes makes it easier for students to learn and remember important concepts. It also consists of self-assesment questions, through which students can find their weak areas and work on them to ace the subject.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of case control studies?

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Advantages

Less expensive than other analytic studies

Less time consuming

Good for rare diseases

Disadvantages - Bias

Recall bias - people who have had the disease and better able to determine their exposure

Information bias- the difference between the measurment of each group

Selection bias- the difference between how the groups wre selected.

What is the importance of epidemiology?

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Epidemiology is the study of the spread of disease. It helps scientists to predict how far a disease will spread, how much damage it may do, and plan treatment, the creation of vaccines, and so forth. The current preparations for swine flu were a result of epidemiological studies.

What is the difference between epidemiology and clinical research?

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Pathology and Epidemiology are two different sciences that deal with diseases and health. Both have their own specialities.

Pathology is a science that studies various diseases or ailments in the human body. It studies the symptoms and causes of various disorders, infections or other diseases in the body. Pathologists study the causes and treatment options for diseases through various tests and specialized equipment.

Whereas, Epidemiology is a science that studies the prevalence of various health problems and diseases in a population and the various discomforts associated with them. Epidemiologists study the sources of infection, the incidence of infection, and the methods of preventing infection.

What is a sporadic in epidemiology?

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sporadic infection mean the infection occur from time to time without maintaining in the population because its lack suitrable vector as Malaria in the UK

John Snow is called the father of modern epidemiology because?

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In 1854 John Snow mapped the cases of cholera in Soho, London, and realised that almost all of them were likely to have taken their water from the same pump. The spread of cholera stopped when the handle of the Broad Street pump was removed.

What is a weakness of Epidemiological studies?

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A epidemiological research method is a study of the frequency and distribution of a certain disorder within a certain population. For example a epidemiological research method could include how the AIDS virus affects people differently concerning gender and race. This method of research is also very effective in providing occurrence variables in concurrence with social and cultural factors concerning each group as a method of explanation to why certain people are more prone to certain disease or disorders. This research method primarily focuses on the prevalence of a disease or disorder, the incidence concerning how many new cases occurred within a year and the risk factors that are associated with the disease or disorder. This knowledge of course provides to be very important information to public and to health care facilities to properly orchestrate their facilities to best treat people most effectively. It also provides much more detailed information concerning individuals and what risk factors they need to be aware of and what factors to pay more attention to as being prone to certain diseases over others. The results of a epidemiological research study can be used to more thorough research methods.

What are the main features of epidemiology?

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well I have the idea that first in science of medicine there are prefixes and suffixes to the meaning of their words.

Here the suffix ology means , the study of something. The second part or rather the pre-fix is close to the word "epidemic" . I would venture to say this is asking: what is done in the study of epidemics. I would think to keep a spread of a disease to the masses,

first there might be quarantine for the affected. Perhaps even those possibly affected.

If there is already a vaccine for the illness , the health departments would give free shots until the supply ran out for those not yet positive with the illness.

The cause of the epidemic would be important to know so that scientist could test the possible cause for the massive outbrake. We would want to know...how it travels,spreads, what we should stay clear of ..... for example any thing that might give the illness opportunity to gain power or strength. As soon as we knew more about the cause and its affects on the people the government would hopefully take the measures needed to at least narrow the geographics down and confine it in that space . I think this would help the scientist know how much time they have to discover a vaccine if there isn't one, possibly a cure ,but the ability to give the knowledge the public would need to stay alive would be crucial in keeping the spread minimal. Tracking of the people infected, their families, their recent activities and travels. Any thing that might have occured in their life that was not in their usual day to day activities.Also tracking of other things that have commonalities in the specifically defined area affected.

There I do not know if I am correct totally or not at all. So if this is a ? from someone needing help I suggest a doctor visit immediately or even the health department. Can't think of one more thing. I'm surprised I came up with that many ideas not being a scientific person.

If any one knows if I'm correct or even incorrect ,please write it. I want to learn what is really done.

How can an epidemic stop without medical intervention?

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An epidemic that is caused by poor water quality or some other environmental cause can be stopped in time if the cause is corrected and remedied. An infectious or viral epidemic needs to have sick people isolated so that the healthy folk do not catch the disease. An example of intervention was for the ebola outbreak, where everyone was told to stay home to help stop the spread.

Why are humans more vulnerable to the spread of disease then animals?

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Humans are more vulnerable to the spread of disease than many other animals becasue we tend to live in closely packed communities. Many herd and hive living animals have the same vulnerability. And other animals experience that vulnerability when their population in a particular area gets too high.

Who was the father of epidemiology?

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john snow

What is the role of epidemiology as a practice in public health?

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Epidemiology allows scientists the ability to track diseases and to predict where they may show up. They are most interested in diseases that are passed from one person to another and how they are passed from one person to another. They try to stay one step ahead of where the 'bugs' like to hide.
These are the steps that field epidemiologists would use.

1. Determine the existence of an outbreak (may not be real)
2. Confirm the diagnosis (by testing)
3. Define a case
4. Search for cases
5. Generate hypotheses using descriptive findings
6. Test hypotheses with an analytical study
7. Draw conclusions
8. Compare hypothesis with established facts, additional studies
9. Communicate findings
10. Execute prevention measures

What is the importance of epidemiology in HIV AIDS?

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The importance of studing hiv and aids The importance of studing hiv and aids

How many people in an epidemiological study?

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An epidemic is when 7.7% of any given population is infected.

1 Koerner, Brendan I. 2003. Outbreaks vs. epidemics: whether it's time to freak about the flu. Slate [Internet]. [cited 31 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.slate.com/id/2092969/

What is The role of epidemiology in health policy formulation planning and management?

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1. The role of epidemiology in health policy formulation, planning and management

Why is the study of epidemiology important?

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If health care professionals don’t look at the “how” and “why” involved in keeping populations healthy, the health of whole communities might be in jeopardy

Can you think of ways by which you can avoid leptospirosis?

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Although there is a vaccine for this disease, it is not available in all countries. So, to try to prevent it, people should avoid coming in contact with infected animals and contaminated water or soil that carry the bacteria that causes this disease. Similarly, people should also use good hygiene. This disease causes symptoms, such as fevers, chills, diarrhea, and vomiting. This disease also affects both animals and humans.

What is the role of statistics in epidemiology?

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The primary role of statistics in epidemiology is to make conclusions about a population of interest when data is only available from a sample. Statistics accounts for the uncertainty.

In epidemiological datasets there are usually measured observations of an occurance of a disease as well as measured indicators of exposure. An epidemiologist may for example be interested in whether exposure (e.g. smoking) increases the risk of disease (e.g. cancer). Information on smoking however may not be available for all people in the population of interest because of limited resources, so an epidemiologist would have to consider taking a sample. An epidemiologist would use a random sample in order to use statistics to to make inference about the association between smoking and cancer in the population. The role of statistics is to determine whether any association that is observed in the random sample is actually a real one. In most cases there will be some association even if it is very small. The role of the statistician is to determine if the association is different than what would occur by chance.

What is mean by communicable disease epidemiology?

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A communicable disease is a disease that can be transferred from an infected person to another individual. or A communicable disease is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from an infected organism to another. Examples of these include: Bird flu, cholera, Malaria, etc.