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Each herdsire has what's called EPDs, or expected progeny differences, which are numbers according to his breeding and comparison to other bulls of the same breed and raised in the same environment. EPDs are used to determine a bull's ability to sire small calves that have low birthweights and thus are low calving difficulty, or if they sire large calves with high birthweights and thus high calving difficulty.

The producer first has to look at his cowherd and the average birthweights that they have been able to produce (with emphasis on those cows and heifers that have had problems calving out), and compare that, with a grain of salt, to the EPDs of the herdsire he wishes to buy. If that herdsire has a lower BW than the average of the herd, and has an estimated value of calving ease that is slightly above zero or negative, then that herdsire is good to use for improving calving ease in the herd.

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Q: How are birth weights and calving difficulty involved in the selection of herd sires?
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Why do thin cows have a shorter gestation period than normal conditioned cows?

I believe it would be the opposite; thinner cows carry their calves longer than cows with more condition on them. It also has to do with breed as well, since gestation length is heritable. But the main thing is that a thin cow does not have as much body reserves for the calf to, essentially, "feed" off of than a normal-conditioned cow does. As a result, calving difficulty is much higher, and post-calving weaning weights are a bit lower than from a normal conditioned cow.


What angus bull should you buy to increase your weaning weights?

You should really purchase a bull based on not just on a one-trait selection. You should select a bull based on a bunch of traits that you need to improve on in your cowherd. Higher weaning weights correlate to less calving ease and higher birth weights, so if you have cows that are not suited to give birth to higher BW (birth weight) calves, you're in for a nasty train-wreck. You should try to find a bull that has a lot of growth but is also easy calving and have lower BW numbers in order to achieve higher WW. Don't go to extremes because you could also cause calving issues in your herd, and don't purchase a bull based on just his EPDs alone. EPDs are a tool, but they can be an almighty poor one, especially since they can blind you with their greatness and cause you to not take a second look at the crappy bull with such numbers that should've been a steer in the first place! So really look at the bull's physical characteristics, his dam and sire's numbers and conformation, and base your decisions from there. I've no idea what kind of cows you have, what they look like or what the average BW and WW that you've had with your cow herd so there's no way that I can ever give you any suggestions on what Angus bull is best for you. That's for you to decide, and for you to do your own homework on.


How can you get cows to have low birth weight calves?

Select for a more low birth-weight and higher calving-ease bull, and get rid of the bull that obviously lacks this trait. British bulls like Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn, in most cases, are ones that usually have the EPDs for low birth weights. You won't find that as much with Continental-type bulls like those of the breeds Simmental, Charolais or Maine Anjou, for instance.


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What traits are important in a breeding bull?

It depends on what you are using the bull for. If he's used for producing daughters, then he must have his dam's qualities for milking ability, mothering ability, calving ease, femininity (reflected by the bull's masculinity), good pelvic area, and high fertility. If he's used as a terminal sire (for selling calves for slaughter as beefers), he must produce calves with heavy weaning and yearling weights, good feed convertability, good rate of gain, adequate rib-eye area, and marbling.

Related questions

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Why do thin cows have a shorter gestation period than normal conditioned cows?

I believe it would be the opposite; thinner cows carry their calves longer than cows with more condition on them. It also has to do with breed as well, since gestation length is heritable. But the main thing is that a thin cow does not have as much body reserves for the calf to, essentially, "feed" off of than a normal-conditioned cow does. As a result, calving difficulty is much higher, and post-calving weaning weights are a bit lower than from a normal conditioned cow.


How do the principles of natural selection help explain why there are more deaths among babies with low birth weights than among babies of average birth weights?

The Lord kills and makes alive. Deut 32:39 and 1 Samuel 2:6. Divine selection, not natural.


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Why is it important that the weights mirror critical strategic factors?

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What should you consider when breeding cows?

When breeding virgin heifers, it is important to choose bulls that are known to have easy calving. When breeding cows, research what the cow lacks in genetics, is she a high milk producer or have high weaning weights (beef cattle), does she lack conformation. Once you have determined what the dam (mother) lacks, breed her to bulls that will make up for what doesn't have. You want an offspring that will be a better producer than the parents. You should always look for calving ease, weaning and birth weights (the higher the better but not so high it is problematic).


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Why are calves so large when they are born?

Selection for calves that are growthier and have larger weaning weights tends to correlate birth weights. Breeds that are known to have such calves, like Charolais and Simmentals, will often have big calves. Also, feed that is high in nutritional value given to cows close to calving will also result in large calves. Large calves also tend to come about during during winter than in the summer. Thus it's all down to genetics and breed, as well as feed and environment that determines size of calves when they're born.


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What are some examples of stabilizing selection?

Birth weight in human babies is one good example. Too small and babies lose heat rapidly and are also prone to infectious disease. Too large and they endanger themselves and their mothers by the great difficulty they have passing through the birth canal. So, a small range of birth weights have been selected for and this remains stabilized by the constraints listed above.


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