Historians generally agree that the Peace of Westphalia weakened the Holy Roman Empire and strengthened the various princes. Moreover, the Netherlands and Switzerland were removed from the Empire. It is sometimes said, especially by some political theorists in the U.S., that the modern concept of sovereignty arose from the Peace, but this an exaggeration and simplification.
"When Pope Innocent X learnt the details of the peace settlement of 1648, which brought to an end the Thirty Years War in Europe, he denounced it angrily: '[The Peace of Westphalia] is null, void, invalid, unjust, damnable, reprobate, insane, empty of meaning and effect for all time' (Holsti, 1991: 25)" (McGrew,1997)
did the peace of Augsburg and the peace of Westphalia allow for religious freedom
Treaty of Westphalia also known as the "Peace Of Westphalia"
Germany
Hapsburg
The Thirty Years' War was ended with the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, part of the wider Peace of Westphalia.
The Thirty Years War
Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia 1648 CE.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648) ended the Thirty Years' War and also the long-standing war between the Netherlands and Spain. For details of the peace terms please see the link.
The Peace of Westphalia 1648 CE.
The Peace of Westphalia was a treaty agreement between Spain and the Dutch in 1648. This agreement put an end to the Thirty Years' War. The peace of Westphalia is recognized to be the beginning of modern international relations based on the recognition of state sovereignty. Westphalia recognized sovereignty of Netherlands and German states which meant that Europe would not unite under an emperor. This also meant the decline for the Habsburg monarchy and papal authority who enjoyed support from Phillip II of Spain.
peace of westphalia