Spectroscopy is the systematic study of spectra and spectral lines. Spectral lines are used to provide evidence about the chemical composition of distant objects. So the answer to your question is through spectroscopy.. not spectrometry like the previous editor posted.
Astronomers have detected a quasar in a distant galaxy.
Distant stars give off less light
They don't understand how redshift affects stars.
Astronomers use a method called parallax to measure the distance to nearby stars. Astronomers can measure parallax by measuring the position of a nearby star with respect to the distant stars behind it. Then, they measure the same stars again six months later when the Earth is on the opposite side of its orbit.
Because the universe as a whole is expanding, distant galaxies are moving away from us. As a result, electromagnetic waves emitted by those galaxies experience what is known as a red shift. Their wavelengths get longer.
Spectroscopy.
Astronomers have difficulty looking at distant stars because while we have highly specialized telescopes, they are in constant contention with various other celestial bodies. In addition to this, the light of distant stars takes hundreds of thousands of years to reach us, making it impossible to get a current look at a distant star.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopy
Astronomers can determine the expansion of the universe by observing the cosmic background radiation, and the red- or blue-shifting of distant objects.
It can be used to determine the masses of many distant objects. :P
The rotational period of the celestial sphere is simply the reflection of Earth's rotation; therefore, it rotates once every 23 hours and 56 minutes. You can determine that by observing the apparent movement of distant stars.
Astronomers have detected a quasar in a distant galaxy.
Astronomers use the light spectrum of distant objects to determine the chemical composition of those objects. Each element on the period table gives off a different spectrum, and by looking through a spectrometer an astronomer can read the spectrum and figure out what that object is made up of to gain better understanding of our universe.
Distant stars give off less light
blah blah black sheep
By using the habo space telescle to detect the object's velocity
spectrocity...absorption of select frequency of light ie spectrocity