You can't. One serial number is NOT unique to only one rifle in the world. Sorry.
Whther or not you can depends on the rifle. There are multiple databases for different rifles- and for some rifles, no database. One method is to post a question here listing the make, model, serial number, and all markings on the rifle.
List all the markings that ARE on the rifle. sales@countrygunsmith.net
Not a serial number if that is on a Sears or JC Higgins rifle. Might be a serial number on an Ithaca rifle. Please list all the markings on the rifle, just as they are on the rifle. sales@countrygunsmith.net
We need the make of the shotgun. The most common 39A is not a .410, but a lever action Marlin .22 rifle. Not all shotguns or rifles HAVE a serial number- they were not required by law until 1968.
We need ALL of the markings on the rifle. Starting with the MAKE.
it most likely does not have one most if not all of the 23's do not
Only if the rifle didn't have one originally and was manufactured before 1968, at which point, all firearms were required to have serial numbers.
Impossible to answer without a detailed description of ALL markings and features. Also, need the serial number.
All parts are stamped with the exact same serial number, indicating that they're all original to the rifle.
Anything is possible, but, in this case unlikely. You could go to proofhouse.com and go through all the serial numbers for the different rifle models. From that you could narrow it down to all the known calibers that rifle or rifles were made in (if the sn is duplicated). If you know a competent gunsmith, he/she could make a chamber cast. The Cody Firearms Museum - they might be able to assit you.
Single shot? Rolling block?
No way to tell with that information. Will need all the markings on the gun. sales@countrygunsmith.net