In the normal course of things, lava doesn't usually reach the surface of the earth, it being encased by the earth's solid rock mantle and the earth's crust.
However, when fault lines and cracks develop, the lava, under great pressure, spews forth from deep inside the earth in a matter of seconds.
In sub-surface lava channels it is reckoned that lava can flow at about 60 kilometers per hour or so, but the time it takes to reach the surface depends on how deep beneath the surface the particular channel is situated. Pyroclastic surges (mainly gas, plus some lava), can reach speeds arounds 350 km/h. However, one cause of these is the undergraound lava coming into water at some point before its eruption, particularly when the lava vent it situated under the sea.
Of course, scientists are continually monitoring movements of the earth's layers and are quick to alert us to any potential dangers, particularly in areas known to be at risk.
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It could take magma over 200 years to reach the Earth's surface. As the magma pushes up toward Earthâ??s surface, it makes other formations underground.
There's no real limit.
Long-wave radiation and visible light.
It doesn't necessarily matter what the minerals are, as long as they form from cooling magma or lava. Igneous rocks are formed by the solidification of cooled magma (molten rock). They may form with or without crystallization, either below the surface as intrusive (plutonic) rocks or on the surface as extrusive (volcanic) rocks.
The sun heats the atmosphere. Solar radiation largely passes through the atmosphere and warms the surface of the earth. The earth then radiates heat up into the lower levels of the atmosphere where greenhouse gases warm. The warmed greenhouse gases then continue to radiate heat in all directions warming the atmosphere and again the earth's surface.
There are 3 main types of rocks:Igneous RocksForms when molten rock cools.2 types of molten rock: magma, and lava.Intrusion: Forms when magma cools. Intrusion rocks take longer to form because magma takes longer to cool. Magma is under the Earth's surface, and it is very hot there. Imagine how long it would take for magma to cool down somewhere a thousand degrees!Extrusion: Forms when lava cools. Extrusion don't take as long to form, because lava cools much faster than magma does. Lava is at the surface, and the surface is WAY cooler than underground.Sedimentary RockForms when rocks/minerals/remains of plants or animals settle and accumulate.Forms in layers.3 types of sedimentary rock:Clastic - forms from accumulation of rock fragments and minerals.Biologic - forms from plant or animal remains.Chemical - forms when minerals precipitate out of a solution.MetamorphicPreexisting rocks that have changed form by heat and pressure.If you are looking for specific types, here are some brief examples:Igneous RocksBasaltPegmatiteGraniteTuffSedimentary RocksLimestoneCoalShaleSiltstoneMetamorphic RocksSlateGneissSchistMarble
In dome mountains, uplift pushes a large body of hardened magma toward the surface. The hardened magma forces the layers of rock to bend upward in a dome shape. In a lava plateau, lava can flow out of two long cracks in an area. The thin, runny lava floods the area and travels far before cooling and solidifying.
pipe
A pipe is a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to the earths surface.
Pipe?
A pipe is a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to the earths surface.
If magma does not reach the surface and instead crystallizes at great depth, it forms an intrusive igneous rock called granite. Granite is coarse-grained and typically composed of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, and mica. It forms slowly over millions of years beneath the Earth's surface before being exposed through erosion.
a valley
Yes, the shadow of the moon is always long enough to to reach the earth. In fact the shadow is long enough to reach the earths core.
Magma collects in a magma chamber.the magma moves upward through a pipe, a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to earths surface. Molten rock and gas leave the volcano through an opening called a vent. A lava flow happens when an are covered by lava pours out of the vent. A crater is a bowl shaped area at the top of the volcano around the central vent where magma comes out. Magma is beneath the volcano. Lava is the name of magma after it leaves a volcano. YOUre WELCome
magma rises toward earth's surface as long as it is less dense than the surrounding rock.
The East Africa Rift System
From the surface of the sun the heat radiations take 8 minutes to reach the surface of hte earth.
It can take up to 200,000 years to reach the surface