Almost immediately if that's the purpose of the calf--for meat and not breeding.
This depends on when you first put the calf on the bottle. But mainly, it'll be a few months that a calf goes from being dependent on the bottle to being fed as a feeder calf.
Between 2 to 6 weeks.
A calf will stay with its mother for about 10 months before it is weaned and becomes independent.
When being weaned, it'll be a few days that cows and calves will be crying for each other.
The mother will suckle it's calf for approximately 6-8 months, by that time it should be weaned.
A calf needs milk until he's 3 months of age, but most producers like to have them on the cow for another three to five months before weaning them.
From birth, a calf will constantly need milk from the cow for 2 to 3 months. By the time they are old enough to eat on their own, they are fully weaned from their mothers by the time they are 6 to 10 months old.
Calves are weaned off their mother's milk after 8-12 months. The calf will likely stay with the mother for protection for some time longer. By age 3 or 4 the calf is sexually mature and is likely to be independent of its mother.
Only if a long time has passed since the calf was weaned or the calf will nurse again. Usually, once at least 6 weeks have passed, can you put a cow and calf back together again.
The calf's rumen doesn't become fully functional until it is around 3 to 4 months of age. From birth until this time the rumen is underdeveloped and in the growing and developing stages. It is present when the calf is born, just not as fully functional as with a bovine that has been weaned and on forages alone or fully matured.
You have to wean a CALF, not a cow. Cows are mature female bovines that have already been long sinced weaned from their mothers. But to answer the question, yes especially if you want to keep getting calves from your cows.
Generally, calves go through three stages, the first being the "calf" stage. Then, when they are yearlings, they are either considered a "heifer" if they are female, "bull" if they are male, or a "steer" if they are a castrated male. Once a heifer has her own calf, then she is considered a cow.