Identify how an organization can be termed as a system?

Answer 1

Introduction

The global accelerated development of new media and technologies and of their

application in electronically mediated communication has had a significant impact on

human social learning and progress. Worldwide societies have come to find out about

each other too much too fast, too soon, with an immense impact on the universal

system of conceptual significations and socio-cultural representations. On a

worldwide scale, learning environments and educational settings built and developed

around digital and electronic networks of communication, are seriously challenged by

the diverse applications of novel digital and information communication technologies,

and the consequent exploitation of information and transfer of knowledge in these,

rapidly increasing in complexity, networks.

The global system of information which constructs our knowledge of the social

and defines our individual and collective existence is digitally reconstructed and

reproduced in hyper-real configurations by digital and information communication

technologies. There is a noticeable continuous reorganization of information,

consequently of knowledge, which makes the traditional quest for true and absolute

realities questionable and problematic. Such a quest often generates confusion and

disillusion, which add up to the recycling process of already inadequate and

insufficient justifications to explain the contemporary world or to educate its future

citizens. A spatial theoretical understanding of the digital reorganization of

information and knowledge in digital and electronic communication based learning

environments is needed.

Digital and Electronic Communication Based Learning Environments

Learning environments and educational settings are disrupted by new forms of a new

meta-postmodern logic. This logic is guided by digital and information

communication technologies and by diverse cultural configurations, upsets traditional

educational practices and learning processes and changes the conditions of production

of knowledge in the global socio-economic structure. Digital and electronic

communication based learning environments and educational settings emerge as

diverse postmodern formations characterized by the intensification of the availability

and use of information. By means of electronic communication and of digital

applications and technologies, they reproduce and sustain a diverse worldwide digital

culture characterized by technologically dissimilar and informationally complex

learning experiences. This culture is a mixture of mutated cultural configurations of

postmodernity which can be more accurately termed as postmodernity-and-beyond.

This is the culture of the information explosion which defines the societies of digital

capitalism and which secures the conditions for the flow of information by

reproducing itself through digital regenerations in hyperspace.

A global and differentiated system of information has been responsible for the

social organization of societies worldwide. The intensification of the use of

information in hyper-spatial environments becomes critical in the reconstruction and

retransformation of the global social order and social change and the reproduction of

human existence by means of digital cloning and mutation. The challenge is to

reconsider the content and validity of the available information and knowledge in

their learning contexts of global electronic communication, and, of their application

through information technologies in digital and electronic communication based

learning environments and educational settings.

In a world dominated by the increasing integration of human consciousness with

digital and information technologies, I contend that an analytical model of learning in

digital and electronic communication based environments can be synthesized and

developed from a detailed analysis and spatial theorization of the structure and

organization of the system of information.

Hypotheses

This in-depth analysis, I contend, can proceed from a 'framing' of the organization of

the system of information which comprises our digital and electronic communication

based environments, and which in effect organizes our existence within, and in

relation to it. Such an analysis will provide the theoretical observations and

justifications for an argument of the digital reconstruction of hyper-reality in digital

and electronic communication based environments, and can proceed along four interrelated

hypotheses: the Information Flow hypothesis which establishes contemporary

historical and socio-cultural conditions; the Social Knowledge hypothesis which

identifies specific informational patterns of organization in structures, discourses,

ideological systems, and cultural trends and can be reflexively applied to describe the

organization of the dominant system of information; the Code of Information

hypothesis which aims in establishing the theoretical framework for diverse aspects of

the organization of the system of information; and, the System of Information

hypothesis, which offers a new philosophic description of the current epoch. It

consists of theoretical approximations, more speculative and futures-oriented,

regarding the organization and implication of the system of information in the era of

global electronic communication and information communication technologies

(Andoniou, 2008).

The Information Flow Hypothesis

Our view and perception of the social, the world out there, are shaped by our

accumulated life experiences, which exponentially add up to our banks of social

knowledge. The discourses of history, politics, economy and culture, as separate,

though inseparable to each other, as discourses of representational information,

construct a real and imagined at the same time vision of this world within the human

mind. Social knowledge is constructed at the subjective and collective levels of

human information processing, and is therefore dependent on the organization of the

system of information within which it is produced.

Informational representations take form and shape in language and visual images,

are reflected and manipulated in ideology, and finally they are expressed though

patterns of social communication and action as a response to historical, political,

economic and cultural conditions

The Social Knowledge Hypothesis

Within the boundaries of our physical space and across the arrow of time our

perception of what constitutes (collectively and/or individually) acceptable social

knowledge is to a great extent controlled by the global communication technologies

and media of all forms. The system of information entails controlled representations

of the intentions and the financial interests of transnational media corporations and

their affiliated corporate and governmental infrastructure. At another level of spatial

consciousness, that of hyperspace, human and machine information processing and

communication, converge and align along fractal levels of distortion of the system of

information. This in turn shapes our knowledge of the social - often in distinctive

corporate interests. Let alone the nature of knowledge per se, more importantly,

events of social

change and decisions of social action, in this respect, become ambiguous and

questionable, as to whether they are expressions of individual choice and freedom or

reproductive of well-established patterns of exploitation and domination (Figure 2).

The development of information communication technologies and

telecommunications networks has intensified the production, generation, regeneration,

circulation and exploitation of the system of information in an endless vicious circle.

Human interaction and communicational practice with computer technologies form

The Social Knowledge hypothesis

knowledge and re-organizes social life. Its mechanics are characterized by

interactivity, networkingand flexibility. The new relations of human experience and

construction of meaning are re-negotiated in the hyper-real cultural environments.

They are globalized through economic systematization, the design and promotion of a

global culture and consciousness, which seemingly integrates and unifies the world on

the surface, but leaves the particular details of the validity of the underlying changes

and transformations unresolved.

The Code of Information Hypothesis

The emerging new forms of postmodernity are dominated by the code of information.

These forms do not consist separate historical periods, rather they are manifestations

of the intensification of certain cultural attributes because of the ever-increasing

surplus of information. New relations between spatiality and time are generated by the

code of information in the hyper-real cultural environments. In our traditional

physical world, the past exists in the form of memories and as practiced and

acknowledged experience that has been interweaved in programmes of intended

future action. The future exists only in the sphere of our imagination, and exists only

as a projection of calculated evaluation and desired outcomes (Figure 3).

The concept of information in the age of information communication and digital

technologies can be distinctively identified to have systemic characteristics, the

organization and structure of which can be analyzed through the code of information.

The Code of Information hypothesis refers to general patterns of organization of the

system of information, and with regard both to content and relationships. The

digitalization of the system of information makes the code vulnerable to control and

programmability. The code of information is also susceptible to the weaknesses of

human information processing but also to the exploitative tendencies and interests of

external interference and disturbance.

The System of Information Hypothesis

The system of information spans along multiple coexisting spatial levels of

organization across the arrow of time, which represent conditions of freedom, of

exploitation and of domination of the system of information, respectively. These

organizational levels of the system of information (corresponding to entropy,

redundancy, and noise of its volume and intensity) coexist at any time at different

levels of intensities, and which mark certain socio-cultural and historical periods. In

the contemporary era of information communication and digital technologies, of

hyper-real landscapes and fantasy worlds, the fractalization the system of information

establishes new relations of meanings and understandings (Figure 4).

Information communication technologies are digitally constructing reality, or to

put it in another way, they are digitally reconstructing hyper-reality. The reorganization

and transformation of the system of information is taking place within

the boundaries of hyperspace or cyberspace. Still, the human obsession with this

electronic spatiality, recreates the conditions of the organization of the system of

information in every aspect of contemporary social life. The code of the system of

information is structured along coexisting and interacting with each other, levels of

organization, each characterized by various degrees of intensification of information.

At any point in the arrow of time, the system of information presents coexisting

and alternating degrees of authentic, simulated and illusionary segments of

information which are reflected in the organization of social life and the world. In the

era of digital communication and computer technologies, the system of information

implodes towards fractalization. The meaning that justifies the relation of the system

of information to the social configurations and entities which reflexively are

organized by it, is undergoing a gradual transformation of deconstruction,

Figure

differentiation and reconstruction. Consequently, all logical justifications and

confirmations of social reality in the postmodern world and beyond, are destroyed,

intensified, transformed, reborn and set free of the tyranny of reason.

Trialectics, Heterotopias and Thirdspace

The suggested hypotheses leading to the proposed theoretical approximations of the

Infogramic Analysis model, challenge conventional modes of spatial thinking and

require a conceptual shift. This is based on assertions of alternative envisionings of

spatiality, as illustrated in the 'trialectics and thirdings' of Lefebvre (1991), the

'heterotopologies' of Foucault (1986), and Soja's (1996) concept of 'thirdspace'.

They are briefly mentioned here.

For Lefebvre (1991) each field of human spatiality - the physical, the mental, the

social - is seen as simultaneously real and imagined, concrete and abstract, material

and metaphorical. Similarly, the philosophical discussion in this article envisions the

system of information as 'real' and imagined, physically present but absent or

invisible in an abstract way. Lefebvre's 'production of space' in a dialectically linked

triad (spatial practice - representations of space - spaces of representation) define a

perceived spatiality that embraces the production and reproduction of the system on

information, a conceived space of representations constituted via control over and

exploitation of knowledge, signs, and codes, and the lived informational space of

complex and imaginary symbolisms, coded and not. I contend that the social space of

the system of information is defined by, across time, a 'trialectic' of spatial

configurations, what I term elsewhere as 'level-states' of the system of information.

In Foucault's (1986) spatiality of 'other places', 'heterotopias' are defined as those

real and singular spaces to be found in specific social environments and whose

functions are different or even the opposite of others. Assumptions, analogies and

isomorphies from diverse analyses which support the hypotheses stated in the current

argument, suggest that the system of information can be considered as a 'heterotopia'.

As such, it is characterized by principles of 'heterotopology' and it is identified in

worldwide signification and representational systems in differentiated forms, it can

alter and transform over time in synchronization to specific environments it occupies,

it can exist in different spatial configurations, even incompatible to each other, it

presents heterochronic formations, it can be closed and isolated or open and

permeable at the same time, it is responsible for creating illusionary 'other' spaces.

Soja's (1996) 'Thirdspace' project called for a different way of thinking about the

meanings and the significance of our already established spatial or geographical

imaginations. Thirdspace can be seen as a new approximation, a different way of

looking at the same subject, a sequence of never-ending variations on recurrent spatial

themes. This is what, in my point of view, is what characterizes the system of

information and because of this we need flexible and dynamic open-ended

theorizations, based on frequent reconsiderations and recombinations of alternating

conceptualizations of its structure, organization, and communication.

Soja's 'trialectical' thinking challenges all conventional modes of thought and

taken-for-granted epistemologies. It is disorderly, unruly, constantly evolving,

unfixed, never presentable in permanent constructions, denoting a shift from

existential ontology to an epistemology of space. Thirdspace provides the spatial

perspective needed to consider and understand social reality and the organization of

the system of information and a closer understanding of social change and of

emerging hyper-realities in the Digital era.

The Digital Reorganization of Information

Following the theoretical assumptions in the four hypotheses and the philosophical

positions underlying them, I argue that a pattern of structural and organizational

characteristics of the system of information can be indicated which provides the

background to develop an argument for the digital reorganization of information in

hyper-spatial environments.

The system of information is shared in a variety of ways within networks of

exchanges, where internal and external communication enables its content to organize

and be organized. The system of information is a complex system with substantial

internal differential integration and co-ordination that exists in a state that is neither

totally ordered nor totally chaotic. Alternating between order and chaos it settles into

patterns associated to 'relations of meaning'. Although the distribution of the

elements of information patterns is unpredictable, still they do not disperse outside the

boundaries of the pattern. Breaking apart the elements, that make up the code of

information, and looking at the individual pieces and their interrelationships is the key

in understanding the complexity of the system of information, and coming to a closer

understanding of the relationship between 'reality' and 'hyper-reality'.

A dynamic retransformation of the system of information in digital and electronic

communication based systems takes place, characterized by self-similarity and fractal

dimensionality. This digital reorganization or fractalization of the system of

information, I contend, can be described along distinct phase spaces (spatial changes

across time) of fractal implosion empowered by equally distinct interconnecting

micro-processes, which comprise the archetypal organizational pattern and force of

change and transformation responsible for the unpredictable vulnerability and

programmability of 'real' and 'hyper-real' social configurations in the Digital era.

These processes are discussed in brief next along with some additional elements of

the generic macro- and micro-structure of the system of information.

Infogramic Analysis

The digital reorganization of information stresses the need to understand the code of

the system of information within fresh ways of thinking, unavoidably abstract and

probabilistic and possibly paradoxical and controversial. To this end, I propose a

series of theoretical approximations on the organization of the system of information,

namely: the Infotype, the Level-States of Information, Virtual Implosion, Fractal

Dynamics, and Infogramics. These comprise the analytical model which I term

Infogramic Analysis.

These theoretical approximations can be argued to be a meta-philosophical

proposition towards a radical reconstruction of long-established thinking of the

production of social knowledge. The analytical model put forward in the form of

conceptual / digital / graphical approximations is a radical methodological suggestion

on how we can improve our understanding about the operation and impact of the

system of information in the digital reconstruction of contemporary societies and on

the re-realization of human consciousness in the postmodern-and-beyond era. The

proposed theoretical model aims to offer an alternative idea and to envisage as to how

we can use the results of such an understanding to identify patterns of exploitation,

domination and struggle in a diversity of real, imagined and other places. The model

hopes to redefine principles of organization of social transformation, social change

and successful survival in living and learning with information communication

technologies.

The spatial context within which the proposed theoretical conceptualizations are

made explicit and can be represented with more ease is where human and machine

technologies converge, that is hyperspace or, cyberspace, or what Wilson and Corey

(2000) defined as e·space, the spatial context of the emerging digital and information

communication technologies, such as, computers, telecommunications networks,

electronic media, and the internet.

Infotype

At any moment of transformation across time, the system of information can preserve

its quantitative and qualitative dimensions from one trajectory to another, which are

embodied in what can be called an infotype. An infotype refers to the specific content

and the general architectural characteristics of the system of information. Different

systems of information may belong to the same infotype, and a system of information

may belong to more than one infotypes. The infotype carries the code (instructions)

which the components of the system of information need to use for their structural and

interactive orientation and their iterative proliferation. For an infotype to survive and

secure its existence in the ocean of informational landscapes, it needs to regenerate

constant change by way of adaptation and habituation to the available informational

environments. Adaptation implies quantitative and/or qualitative alterations, which

can be the result of mutation of information through iterative processes, whereas

habituation refers to the successful establishment of adaptation.

Level-States of Information

Infotypes are organized across space and time in an inter-connected triad of associated

spatial level-states of organization: an Era of Romanticism (actuality), an Epoch of

Ersatz (imitation) and an Age of Chimera (fantasy). Romanticism, Ersatz and Chimera

are space-time coordinates, which remain unaffected as a triad globally, but they

differentiate individually and locally, across the arrow of time. They refer to the

volume and intensity of available information during various historical periods, not

necessarily distinct ones, but related to the historical, socio-economic and cultural

conditions of these periods. They co-exist as general spatial frameworks across time

that encompass and host diverse systems and organization networks. At different

space-time coordinates one level-state may predominate to the expense of the others

depending on the degree of intensification of the flow and organization of information

within a given system

The Era of Romanticism. The Era of Romanticism is predominated by the

intensification of spatial practice. The perceived physical space is the main domain of

the negotiation of information and social knowledge (actuality). At this level-state the

system of information is characterized primarily by the authenticity, and subsequently

by the simplicity and originality of its components. The Era of Romanticism would

probably characterize socio-spatial formations of primary and basic organization,

where the networks of information are almost non-existent or just emerging, where

communication of the information is scarce and elementary, and where social

transformation and change is time-consuming. It is an era of potential progress and

development as a result of social exploration, error and trial, based on the unhindered

'freedom' of information

The Epoch of Ersatz. The Epoch of Ersatz is characterized by the intensification of

representations of space, in which information is disputed, infected and dominated.

The Epoch of Ersatz signifies the 'conceptualized space' of the system of information.

The social during the Epoch of Ersatz is constituted through the control and

exploitation of information. Information is classified and categorized into controlled

knowledge and defined signs and codes are responsible for the construction of 'social

reality'. During this level-state, the system of information becomes redundant with the

elements of unpredictability and entropy being controlled. Informational constructs

are generated through imitation and floating signifiers define the limits of social

experience. Reason and logic dominate social action and change. The Epoch of Ersatz

can probably apply to developing and developed patterns of organization, with well

established networks of communication. This would be a system indicative of

experimentation, justification and potential exploitation of choices and alternatives

The Age of Chimera. In the Age of Chimera, fantasy becomes the predominant

component of the system of information. Information becomes illusive, provocative

and hyper-real. The spaces of representation become intensified with the original

authenticity of the Era of Romanticism and the 'original' simulations of Epoch of

Ersatz becoming incorporated and assimilated in the domination of lived experience.

The system of information shows a highly complex organization, with 'reality' being

encoded, and 'hyper-reality' being decoded as the dominant socio-spatial dominant.

At this level-state the system of information is dominated by the rejection of

authenticity and originality, by increased tensions of imagination and hallucination,

and by the emergence of distorted spatial formations. The system of information

reactivates its entropic tendencies within a system environment alternating between

states of chaotic organization and of organized chaos. The Age of Chimera is a period

of subordination to the code of the system of information which controls and

regenerates ever-emerging spatial realities. The Age of Chimera is intensified in

advanced modes of organization characterized by networked flexibility, flexible

networking and infinite possibilities of communication. Change and transformation is

fast and at its extreme leads towards the fractalization of the system of information

Virtual Implosion

The theoretical approximation of Virtual Implosion of the system of information

intends to describe how the system of information transforms (mutates) to a fractal

system, where meaning is replaced with the ambiguity of 'relations of meaning'.

Information. The systemic organization of Information before Virtual Implosion is

strongly related to 'meaning'. Information can be considered as segments of

communicated knowledge concerning particular facts, subjects, or events. Any set of

data, out of which information is constructed, is in essence an abstract flow of

electronic signals, which are coded and exist in various forms. These coded data sets

are defined here as 'fragments of data', whereas, the components of a system of

information as 'fragments of information'. Fragments of data make up data, data

make up fragments of information, which, in turn, can form a system of information,

which presents systemic characteristics. A set of Information is in essence a system of

information.

Phase spaces of Virtual Implosion. Virtual Implosion takes places in a series of

continuous, infinite loops of dynamic change, expressed in distinctive phase spaces,

and repeated in alternating and interrelated iterative cycles. During Virtual Implosion

abstract flows of electronic signals, coded as information, undergo quantitative and

qualitative alterations within trajectories (phase spaces) of mutation. These phase

spaces lead to the fractalization of information, by reproducing irregular,

contradictory and chaotic distortions of the original. These fractal informational

simulations may be simplified, distorted, controllable and programmable versions of

the original information.

The Virtual Implosion of the system of information is characterized by three phase

spaces of fractal mutation: (a) Syghysis (deconstruction): With Syghysis, a relatively

ordered group of components (fragments of data or fragments of information) of

meaningful information is deconstructed into the individual components; these are

then rearranged randomly, in disorder, around a core reference point and within the

boundaries of the information environment; (b) Molynsis (differentiation): Molynsis

follows the phase of Syghysis. During Molynsis each one of the randomly dispersed

individual units (data) start to differentiate acquiring diverse degrees of emphasis,

prestige, and structure, of similar dimensions; and, (c) Photococciasis

(reconstruction): As a result of Molynsis, with Photococciasis, the differentiated

stress applied on the constituent units of information, generates a non-linear stretching

of the components towards a disorganized reconstruction of fractal dimensions

Fractal. The Fractal systemic condition of information is an irregular, disorganized

mutation of communicated knowledge. In contrast to the original, meaning-related

system of information, the fractalized system of information consists of repetitive

distortions of facts, subjects, or events, without any specific or necessary reference to

meaning, truth or reality, other than the reference to themselves. The structural

architecture of a Fractal, accounts for the exhibited vulnerability, fragility and

anomia, whereas the irregularity of the patterns of interactivity accounts for the

potential manipulation, controllability, and programmability. The later may regenerate

distorted versions of an original, and disguise it as the original itself. The viral

character of the fractal neutralizes and liquidifies the original translation, and its

scandalous behaviour produces false recognition of the original system of

information.

Fractal Dynamics

The three phase spaces of the Virtual Implosion of the system of information to

fractalization, are controlled and interconnected by five powerful micro-processes

hereby collectively termed as Fractal Dynamics: (a) Catastrophe (destruction)

generates the Syghysis of Information, by breaking down, deconstructing, the

components of the system to fragments of information and data; (b) Orgasm

(excitement) completes Syghysis and powers up Molynsis, by generating random

mobility of the components of the system of information; it forces them to rearrangein the periphery of, but still within the prescribed limits, of the system; (c)

Metamorphosis (transformation) concludes Molynsis and initiates Photococciasis, by

producing levels of differentiation among the fragments, and assigning to them

various degree of emphasis and substance; (d) Epigenesis (rebirth) signals the end of

Photococciasis, restructuring the differentiated fragments by exercising flexible nonlinear

stretching on them towards the Fractal phase of the system; and (e) Anomia

(lawlessness) secures the fractalization of the system of information by the irregular

disorganized reconstruction of the stretched components

Infogramics

With Virtual Implosion and Fractal Dynamics always present at the generic level of

systemic organization, Datagrams and Infograms are informational constructs and

patterns of informational organization at a smaller scale, which may as well be

understood as basic or complex concepts, definitions, attitudes, opinions, beliefs,

ideologies, theories, bodies of knowledge, in general, any organized or non-organized

(around meaning or relations of meaning) system of information.

Datagrams. Datagrams are basic and simple informational constructs of symbols,

icons, signs, figures, characters, letters, numbers, archetypes, and so on. They may

generate infinite combinations within their native environment to add more

informational units to their system. The self-similarity and plurality of the

components of datagrams accounts for, and appends to the 'meaning' entailed in the

datagram. Datagrams may interact with other similar or not datagrams, in infinite

combinations, to produce infograms

Infograms. An Infogram is an informational construct of higher level of complexity

than that of a datagram. An infogram can be generated from interacting datagrams but

is not necessarily the sum of the source datagrams. Infograms present multidimensional

patterns of organization of spatial symmetries and structural non-linear

curves. They can be said to represent, at varying degrees of complexity, concepts,

definitions, ideas, perceptions, explanations, descriptions, segments of information,

bodies of knowledge, and so on. According to their origin of their constituent

components (combined arrangements of datagrams or other infograms), infograms are

distinguished as: Authentic infograms (strong relations of meaning, resistance to

foreign interactions); Simulated infograms (visible imaginary versions of authentic

infograms); and Fractal infograms (simplified, distorted, and programmable version

of authentic or simulated infograms and of 'dubious' meaning)

Endogenesis and Exogenesis. Infograms (and datagrams) present distinctive patterns

of organization which account for the inter-relativity and interactivity of infogramic

systems. These organizational patterns are here defined as Endogenesis and

Exogenesis respectively. Endogenesis refers to the innate tendencies of the structural

condition of the infogramic system to self-relate, generate and maintain a stable and

enduring structural architecture of meaning around the core theme characteristic of

the system. Three levels of structural condition characterize the endogenous

associations of an infogramic system: Organization, Lethargy, and Disorganization.

Exogenesis refers to the tendencies of the infogramic system to communicate or

respond to incoming communication with its environment. Exogenesis expresses the

tendency of the system of information to associate, to establish networks, and to

progress to further evolvement. Three levels of structural involvement characterize

the exogenous interactions of an infogramic system: Simplicity, Apathy, and

Complexity. In any state of infogramic activity or inaction, the system is balanced as

endogenous associations establish a condition of heterogeneous homogenization,

whereas exogenous interactions, on the opposite side, apply a condition of

homogenous heterogeneity

Figure 15: Infogramic endogenous associations and exogenous interactions.

Conclusion

In the era of digital and information communication technologies, the fractalization of

information leads to the mutation of information and knowledge to electronically

distorted and repetitive hyper-realities. The proposed model of Infogramic Analysis,

I contend, can act as a methodological response for the analysis of learning and

teaching with information communication technologies in digital and electronic

communication based learning environments. Infogramic Analysis can be useful in

identifying the patterns of gradual deconstruction, differentiation and reconstruction

of digital information and knowledge, and their gradual mutation towards abstract

fractal infogramic systems. In our contemporary global information society forms of

digital and electronic communication establishes new relations of meanings and

understandings of the world. Information and knowledge in digital and electronic

communication based learning environments challenge our empirical so-called

orthodoxies with the appearance of paradoxes and controversies, the non-absolute of

'reality' or the partial availability of 'truth'. Understanding how the global system of

information is digitally reconstructed within digital and electronic communication

based learning environments reveals to us how systems and bodies of social

knowledge, based on it, they all mutate to digital illusions, altered states of reality

which come to dominate our so-conceived real and conceptual imaginations through

our daily interactive practices and learning and experiences with information

communication technologies.

References

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Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Soja, E. W. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined

Places. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Wilson, M. I. & Corey, K. E. (2000). Information Tectonics. Chilchester: Wiley.