Yes, though not all of the details are listed in the Torah (some are in the Talmud).
Gersion Appel has written: 'A philosophy of mizvot'
there is no such thing as a good Jew, just be the best Jew you can be in the eyes of The Righteous One.
Yes, goldfish are kosher! They are part of the carp family which have both fins and scales fulfilling the laws of kashrut.
The history of kosher (Kashrut; kosher laws; kosher foods) is part of the Torah-history itself, meaning that it goes as far back as the Torah does because it is based on the Torah and is a part of it. Many of the basic Kashrut laws are stated explicitly in the Torah (see Leviticus ch. 11).
A Rabbi typically has more knowledge on issues of kashrut and close cases than does a layman. It's part of a Rabbi's job to be well-versed in Jewish law (including kashrut) and answer related questions.
Very, assuming you are Jewish. The 613 Mizvot - commandments given to us by G-d - obliges us to carry out tzedakah even if we're poor.
No, but pareve is a part of kashrut. Within the laws of kashrut, foods fall into one of three categories: dairy, meat, pareve. Pareve refers to neutral foods that do not contain any meat or dairy, this includes: vegetables, fruits, all edible plants, eggs, and fish.
See the attached link.
Religiously observant Jews will not eat any food that is not kosher. The basis of kashrut is the Torah, this is a part of the guidelines for living righteously given to the Jews by HaShem.
Bacalhau can be kosher if it's made following the rules of kashrut. If it's commercially made, it would have to be certified kosher by a recognized kashrut organization.
Kashrut, the Jewish dietary laws, govern the preparation and consumption of food for Jew. There is no conflict between kashrut and preparing food for diabetics.
Mehadrin/mahadrin is a strict certification of kashrut.