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The prepositional phrase is "under the couch".
Under the bush, ''under'' is the preposition.
There is no possessive noun unless you change the phrase to read, 'the children's telephone'. In this example the possessive noun is children's.
"The children were running to the bus stop." The verb phrase is "were running."
In this sentence, "were running" is the verb phrase, in the past continuous tense.
Gerund phrase
The preposition is through. The prepositional phrase "through the woods" is an adverbial phrase modifying the verb "hike."
children singing
No it's a phrase. Nouns are a person, place, thing, or idea. A phrase has more than one word each of which is its own part of speech. Your phrase is "Two children look in" Two is an adjective. Children is a noun. Look is a verb. In is a preposition.
the children were asked to play quietly
The phrase B40 refers to acts related to smoking and drinking. It is a slang term that children should not be taught and should not be spoken by children.
A verb phrase is the verb and its dependents (objects, complements, and other modifiers), but not the subject or its dependents.The verb phrase in the sentence is "ran to the bus stop after the movie".The subject is the noun phrase "the children".Note: The preposition phrase "After the movie" modifies the verb "ran".