Process of protein synthesis

Answer 1

1. REPLICATION: (nucleus)

- DNA unzips, using the enzyme, helicase, which unwinds it and breaks the hydrogen bonds.

- CBP (complimentary base pairing) occurs when DNA nucleotides move into place with A-T and G-C.

- The nucleotides rejoins, using the enzyme, DNA polymerase.

- Each double strand of DNA has one "parent" strand and on "daughter" strand, called semi-conservative replication (one old/one new).

2. TRANSCRIPTION: (nucleus)

- DNA unzips, using the enzyme, helicase, which unwinds it and breaks the hydrogen bonds.

- CBP (complimentary base pairing) occurs when RNA nucleotides move into place with A-U, T-A, G-C, and C-G.

- The RNA nucleotides rejoins, using the enzyme, RNA polymerase.

- Genes contain sections of DNA called introns, which are interruptions and are removed by ribozymes, and exons, which get expressed or become the protein.

- Once the mRNA has let the nucleus, it gets associated with ribosomes.

3. TRANSLATION: (ribosome)

- 3 steps...

a) Initiation: mRNA binds to smaller ribosomal subunit, then the larger subunit joins.

b) Elongation: polypeptide lengthens 1 amino acid at a time; the ribosome is large enough for 2 + RNA molecules, 1 coming, 1 outgoing.

c) Termination: a stop codon does not have a tRNA molecule so this allows the mRNA to "fall off" the ribosome and the ribosome to break into 2 subunits.

- Several ribosomes, called a polysome, move along a strand of mRNA at once, so several polypeptides of the same type can be made at once using one mRNA molecule.

4. PROTEIN: (ribosome)

- peptide bonds

- α-helix or β sheet by H-bond

- 3D structure covalent bonds between R-groups

- several polypeptides

Answer 2

DNS is transcribed into mRNA. This messenger RNA is then sent to the ribosome, where it attracts the tRNA that grabs amino acids. The mRNA then uses the tRNA and an enzyme to piece together the amino acids that form the protein.

Answer 3

Protein synthesis is the process by which individual cells construct proteins. Both deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and all types of ribonucleic acid (RNA)are involved in this process. Enzymes in the cell's nucleus begin the process of protein synthesis by unwinding the needed section of DNA, so that RNA can be made. The RNA forms as a copy of one side of the DNA strand, and is sent to other areas of the cell to aid in the bringing together of different amino acids that form proteins. Protein synthesis is so called because proteins are "synthesized" through mechanical and chemical processes in the cell.

Answer 4

First, the DNA polymerase makes a copy of the DNA. The nucleotides then bond together and form a complete mRNA strand.

The mRNA strand travels out to the cytoplasm through the nucleus.

The mRNA is then met by a ribosome and tRNA. Codons and amino acids are then created.

After the tRNA detaches from the mRNA strand, the amino acids are connected by a polypeptide bond.

This results in a protein.

So basically...

Protein synthesis is going from DNA to mRNA to tRNA to a protein.

Answer 5

Here is my answer:Protein synthesis is not the simplest process, but I will try to keep this answer as simple as possible. Here I present a highly simplified reduction of the process of protein synthesis.

mRNA made in the nucleus of a cell is transported to the cytoplasm of a cell. When mRNA is in the cytoplasm the ribosome assembles around it. The ribosome is composed of two subunits, a small ribosomal subunit and a large ribosomal subunit. Each of the subunits is composed of rRNA and proteins. The two ribosomal subunits will bind to the ribosome binding site (rbs) of the mRNA. The rbs is located prior to the open reading frame of the ribosome. When the ribosome binds to the mRNA the ribosome begins to move down the mRNA.

During this time tRNA is binding to the mRNA as well. tRNA simply carries the amino acid that will compose the protein to the mRNA so that the amino acids of the protein can become bound to one another.

So as the ribosome moves down the mRNA it will encounter tRNA. However, the tRNA's amino acids will not be bound together until the ribosome reads a mRNA sequeunce that indicates an open reading frame is present. An open reading frame is the sequence of mRNA that is translated into protein sequence. So once an open readin frame is indicated to be present the ribosome moves down the mRNA until it reaches the start codon. Protein synthesis begins at hte start codon. At the start codon the tRNA specifying methionine is present. Methionine will be the first amino acid in any protein because the methionine codon is also the start codon. So the methionine tRNA will move into the A site. At this site the ribosome will ensure that the correct tRNA is bound to mRNA. If the correct tRNA is bound then the ribosome A site moves onto the next codon and the tRNA just found to be correct will move into the P-site, in this case the methionine tRNA will move into the P-site. The tRNA that just moved into the A-site will now be checked to see if it is the correct tRNA. When the tRNA is found to be correct then the amino acid on the tRNA in the p-site will form a peptide bond with the amino acid on the tRNA from the a-site. The amino acid chain is connected to the tRNA in the a-site as the amino acid that was connected to the p-site tRNA becomes disconnected as it forms a peptide bond with the a-site tRNA's amino acid. Then the ribosome moves down the mRNA again. The tRNA from the p-site moves to the e-site and it is allowed to exit the ribosome. The p-site and a-site perform the same function as before and the peptide chain will get longer until the ribosome reaches a stop codon. Once the ribosome reaches a stop codon the peptide chain will no longer increase in size. The ribosome will then move until it finds another start codon or until the mRNA sequence indicates that it should dissociate.

Answer 6

DNA is transcribed by mRNA, introns are removed, mRNA is translated into a protein.

Answer 7

Proteins have a very complicate chemical formula but not a "balanced chemical equation".

Answer 8

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