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The Earth's surface is always changing. It changes through slow processes and rapid processes. Some slow processes are weathering and erosion. Other changes are rapid processes, such as volcanic eruption, landslides and avalanches, and earthquakes.
I can think of four things that cause sudden changes to the earth's surface: Impact of a large object from space (such as Meteor Crater in Arizona), earthquake, volcanic eruption or explosion (Krakatoa is a prime example), and nuclear explosion (the atomic bomb caused very sudden and complete change to Hiroshima and Nagasaki). Every rain shower causes some change to the earth's surface, but I think you were asking about more dramatic examples.
Climates can change suddenly for brief periods after a volcanic eruption. In contrast, the movement of continents causes steady climate changes over many millions of years
sudden changes can have short-term or long-term effects. the wind from a hurricane afffects only a small part of earth for a short time. however, the impact of a comet on earth may put clouds of dust into the atmosphere.these clouds may decrease the temperature everywhere on earth for many years.
Earthquake.
This is known as an earthquake or as seismic activity.
This is known as an earthquake or as seismic activity.
volcanic eruption
This is known as an earthquake or as seismic activity.
changes in the air,changes to the landscape,changes to the water,effect on plants and animals
Volcanic eruptions, changes in earth's orbit, changes in the sun's intensity, and changes in ocean currents are some examples of what natural events affect climate.
The magma pushes together with the lava .
Seismographs record seismic activity in volcanic regions as predictors of volcanic activity. Additionally, GPS instruments record the rise and fall in surface features which may indicate a possible building of magmatic pressure underground.
An asteroid from space, volcanic eruption, flooding, loss of food, or drought.
the plates separate allowing magma to erupt out of the ground
The only updates available before a volcanic eruption are those issued by local meteorologists and geologists. They can issue updates based on observed changes in the volcano.
A volcanic eruption can change the climate of the earth either down or up multiple degrees. If a volcano changes the climate by going down three degrees then the world will go back into another ice age.