What's the reading at the service panel? What do regular 115V outlets read at? What kind of meter are you using? Chances are you have 480/277V 3 phase power to this building. Whoever wired the outlet used a 277V feed, possibly because 240V was not avaliable. You should call an electrician, repair of this problem may involve instalation of a transformer.
Disregard the neutral
No.
Yes, you can plug a 240v motor into a 230v outlet.
you get an adapter
Yes.
Yes, it can be and there is no problem at all Because most of the electrical appliances are made to work on 220v - 240v so it can also be plugged into a 240v outlet.
The pin configuration of the 240 volt receptacle is different from a 120 volt pin configuration. This is a safety factor to prevent the wrong voltage being applied to the wrong devices.
You will burn up your appliance!!!!!
What is your question? A standard outlet is 110V. A 220 outlet is shaped different so that you know it is 220. You would never run 220 through a 110 outlet.
Absoluteyl not.
If you need to ask, you should have someone who knows how do it....
Don't!