What are the perspectives of organizational behavior?

Answer 1

Briefly explain the four main approaches to Organisational Behaviour.Maslow's Hierarchy· Perhaps the most famous theorist on the topic of human behavior was Abraham Maslow, who developed his theory on the hierarchy of needs in 1943. Essentially, Maslow proposed that humans attempt to satisfy their needs in order beginning with the most basic and do not move ahead to more complex needs until satisfying the basic needs first. The hierarchy of needs progresses from the most basic needs for food and shelter to the need for safety, the need for belonging and acceptance, the need for esteem and, finally, the need for self-actualization. To understand organizational behavior, many look to Maslow's hierarchy, particularly the last three levels, to help understand why individuals and groups behave the way they do within organizations. Herzberg's Approach· According to Frederick Herzberger, two basic types of motivation drive employees. The first he named "hygiene factors," which include working conditions, quality of supervision and the nature of the job, among other things. Hygiene factors can detract from an employee's level of motivation. The second group of factors is called "motivation factors," which include growth, recognition and achievement, among others. Motivation factors add to an employee's motivation. Essentially, Herzberg believed that employees' behavior is based primarily on these two sets of motivations. Expectancy Theory· The expectancy theory is a theory of organizational behavior that individuals are primarily motivated by three concepts: valence, instrumentality and expectancy. Valence refers to the desirability of certain outcomes to a particular employee or individual. Instrumentality describes the employee's perception of the impact of specific behaviors on the outcome of a project. Expectancy illustrates the employee's perception of his individual behavior on the outcome of the project. Alderfer's ERG Approach· Clayton Alderfer used Maslow's hierarchy of needs to develop his own model of motivation, called the ERG approach. Like Maslow, Alderfer ranked needs in a hierarchy but condensed Maslow's five needs into three: existence, relatedness and growth (ERG). An important difference of the ERG approach from Maslow's hierarchy is that the ERG approach holds that different needs can be pursued simultaneously. From an organizational behavior standpoint then, the ERG approach makes understanding motivations and needs that much more complex.