White phosphorus was once used but due to the health effects on workers (phossy jaw) was discontinued. Modern strike anwhere matches have phosphorus sesquisulfide, P4S3. Safety matches have red phosphorus on the box, and potassium chlorate in the head.
In 1831, Charles Sauria of France developed a match that used white phosphorus. These matches were strike-anywhere matches and were much easier to ignite. Unfortunately, they were too easy to ignite and caused many unintentional fires. White phosphorus also proved to be highly toxic. Workers in match plants who inhaled white phosphorus fumes often suffered from a horrible degeneration of the jawbones known as "phossy jaw." Despite this health hazard, white phosphorus continued to be used in strike-anywhere matches until the early 1900s, when government action in the United States and Europe forced manufacturers to switch to a nontoxic chemical.
In 1844 Gustaf Pasch of Sweden proposed placing some of the match's combustion ingredients on a separate striking surface, rather than incorporating them all into the match head, as an extra precaution against accidental ignition. This idea---coupled with the discovery of less-reactive, nontoxic red phosphorus---led J. E. Lundstrom of Sweden to introduce safety matches in 1855. Although safety matches posed less of a hazard, many people still preferred the convenience of strike-anywhere matches, and both types continue to be used today.
The first matchbook matches were patented in the United States by Joshua Pussey in 1892. The Diamond Match Company purchased the rights to this patent in 1894. At first, these new matches were not well accepted, but when a brewing company bought 10 million matchbooks to advertise their product, sales soared.
Early match manufacturing was mainly a manual operation. Mechanization slowly took over portions of the operation until the first automatic match machine was patented by Ebenezer Beecher in 1888. Modern match manufacturing is a highly automated process using continuous-operation machines that can produce as many as 10 million matches in an eight-hour shift with only a few people to monitor the operation.
Raw MaterialsWoods used to make matchsticks must be porous enough to absorb various chemicals, and rigid enough to withstand the bending forces encountered when the match is struck. They should also be straight-grained and easy to work, so that they may be readily cut into sticks. White pine and aspen are two common woods used for this purpose.Once the matchsticks are formed, they are soaked in ammonium phosphate, which is a fire retardant. This prevents the stick from smoldering after the match has gone out. During manufacture, the striking ends of the matchsticks are dipped in hot paraffin wax. This provides a small amount of fuel to transfer the flame from the burning chemicals on the tip to the matchstick itself. Once the paraffin burns off, the ammonium phosphate in the matchstick prevents any further combustion.
The heads of strike-anywhere matches are composed of two parts, the tip and the base. The tip contains a mixture of phosphorus sesquisulfide and potassium chlorate. Phosphorus sesquisulfide is a highly reactive, non-toxic chemical used in place of white phosphorus. It is easily ignited by the heat of friction against a rough surface. The potassium chlorate supplies the oxygen needed for combustion. The tip also contains powdered glass and other inert filler material to increase the friction and control the burning rate. Animal glue is used to bind the chemicals together, and a small amount of zinc oxide may be added to the tip to give it a whitish color. The base contains many of the same materials as the tip, but has a smaller amount of phosphorus sesquisulfide. It also contains sulfur, rosin, and a small amount of paraffin wax to sustain combustion. A water-soluble dye may be added to give the base a color such as red or blue.
The heads of safety matches are composed of a single part. They contain antimony trisulfide, potassium chlorate, sulfur, powdered glass, inert fillers, and animal glue. They may also include a water-soluble dye. Antimony trisulfide cannot be ignited by the heat of friction, even in the presence of an oxidizing agent like potassium chlorate, and it requires another source of ignition to start the combustion. That source of ignition comes from the striking surface, which is deposited on the side of the matchbox or on the back cover of the matchbook. The striking surface contains red phosphorus, powdered glass, and an adhesive such as gum Arabic or urea formaldehyde. When a safety match is rubbed against the striking surface, the friction generates enough heat to convert a trace of the red phosphorus into white phosphorus. This immediately reacts with the potassium chlorate in the match head to produce enough heat to ignite the antimony trisulfide and start the combustion.
Match boxes and match books are made from cardboard. The finned strips of cardboard used to make the matches in match books are called a comb.
The Manufacturing ProcessMatches are manufactured in several stages. In the case of wooden-stick matches, the matchsticks are first cut, prepared, and moved to a storage area. When the matchsticks are needed, they are inserted into holes in a long perforated belt. The belt carries them through the rest of the process, where they are dipped into several chemical tanks, dried, and packaged in boxes. Cardboard-stick matches used in match books are processed in a similar manner.Here is a typical sequence of operations for manufacturing wooden-stick matches:
Cutting the matchsticks2 The stripped logs are then cut into short lengths about 1.6 ft (0.5 m) long. Each length is placed in a peeler and rotated while a sharp, flat blade peels a long, thin sheet of wood from the outer surface of the log. This sheet is about 0.1 in (2.5 mm) thick and is called a veneer. The peeling blade moves inward toward the core of the rotating log until only a small, round post is left. This post is discarded and may be used for fuel or reduced to wood chips for use in making paper or chipboard.
The sides of a matchbox are made up of a few different chemicals. One ingredient is actually powdered glass! Half of it is red phosphorus for heat and a chemical reaction to the powdered glass. Another ingredient is a binder to make it a rough surface when applied to the side of the box.
The mineral that is used to make the flammable head of a match is usually red phosphorus. Other chemicals that are used are sulfur and potassium chlorate.
The elemet inside an actual match is fosfurus.
Phosphorous is used in match stick
Potassium chlorate and Red phosphorous
Phosphorus
phosphorus
phosphorus
Hydrogen
Friction produces heat that ignites the matchstick when rubbed against the matchbox.
There are hundreds of different chemicals that can be found in factory smoke. These chemicals include toxins like arsenic and acids for example.
Chemical reactions can be produce waste, byproducts, toxic gaz, that can do harm if not well contained.
tennis court....
Red phosphorous
meaning of chemicals?
Nicotine.
You eat it.
Cytoplasm, and nucleus
You should dispose of chemicals in bins at contained hazardous waste sites. These sites will properly dispose of your used chemicals for you.
Hydrogen
Chemicals contained in allopathy medications, when not synthetized, are largely extracted from plants.
Chemicals contained in storage buildings are generally those that are controlled substance or hazardous materials. They should be handled with care and stored according to regulations for safety reasons.
A matchbox is a box that is made to store matches. A Matchbox car is a car that, when invented, was so small it would fit into a matchbox. Matchbox 20 got their name from the fact that most matchboxes come with 20 matches.
Matchbox are not pure substances.
Matchbox - brand - was created in 1953.