Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon and (depending on your definition of country) Palestine have all lost territory to Israel.
Jordan: Admittedly all of the taken Jordanian territory was itself territory taken from the British Mandate of Palestine (and not part of the land granted to Hashemite Kings by the British).
Egypt: The Egyptian territory taken in the Sinai has been subsequently returned to Egypt on two different occasions (1956-1956, 1967-1982).
Syria: Syria has lost the eastern bank of the Sea of Galilee (part of the British Mandate of Palestine) and the Golan Heights (part of the French Mandate of Syria) to Israel and these territories have not been returned. Officially (according to the UN), the Shebaa Farms in the Golan Heights is Lebanese territory (controlled by Israel) but the Lebanese government considers that territory to be Syrian.
Palestine: Israel overran Gaza and the West Bank in 1967 and retained them as Occupied Territories. In 1993, Israel devolved parts of the Gaza Strip and West Bank to the Palestinian Authority and in 2005 ceded the remainder of the Gaza Strip to that government. The West Bank has remained a smattering of Palestinian and Israeli military control while Gaza is under complete Palestinian control (currently exercised by Hamas).
Lebanon: Southern Lebanon (south of the Litani River) was occupied by Israeli forces from 1982-2000, but was never considered to have become Israeli territory by the Lebanese or the Israelis the way that the other territories have been considered.
No. No country is leased by or to another country. Additionally, Palestine had no ability to lease out territory given that it was not a country at the time of Israel's independence. Israel received independence as a result of the UN Partition Plan of Mandatory Palestine.
EGYPT is the only country that borders Israel to the West and only borders Israel on the southern half of its Western border. The Gaza Strip, a self-ruling Palestinian territory, also borders Egypt, but Egypt has kept the border closed for some time now.
The Ottoman Empire conquered the territory that currently composes Israel from the Mamluks in 1517 and lost it 1919.
The kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrians in about 720 BC. when it ceased to exist. However, if by "Israel" you mean the territory that composes present day Israel, it was variously named. The southern kingdom of Judah became the Roman territory of Judea which was ruled as a part of the province of Syria. Hadrian renamed the area Palestina Syria. The Ottoman empire ruled after the fall of the Roman empire and the British had a ruling interest in the area up until the establishment of the modern country of Israel.
From the Arab perspective, it was an abject failure. They lost large swathes of territory, their armies had been soundly defeated, they lost more soldiers individually than Israel did in totality, and it humiliated the Pan-Arabist Movement.
Syria
Babylonia, Greece and Rome all held the entire territory of Israel in captivity.
Israel
Spain
The country that suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy was Austria. The process for the unification of Italy started in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna.
No one, the land that the modern state of Israel was established on was a relatively unpopulated territory of the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
No. No country is leased by or to another country. Additionally, Palestine had no ability to lease out territory given that it was not a country at the time of Israel's independence. Israel received independence as a result of the UN Partition Plan of Mandatory Palestine.
Syria.
Syria.
The country that suffered the most lost territory as a result of the unification of Italy was Austria. The process for the unification of Italy started in 1815 with the Congress of Vienna.
spain
Austria