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Chromosomes are organized structures of DNA and proteins that are found in cells. A chromosome is a singular piece of DNA, which contains many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.

Each chromosome is made up of many many genes that carry the information to be able to make proteins. When you consider that there are two copies of each chromosome, and that each copy of each gene on the chromosome might be slightly different from the other, you have the possibility of two slightly different proteins being produced from them.

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