The terms Exterior and drywall are not compatible. Drywall is used on the inside of the wall and is protected by a suitable weatherproof surface on the exterior of the wall framing such as lapboards, stucco, exterior sheathing etc. All of these have a moisture barrier behind them to prevent water/moist air from contacting the drywall. Drywall will disintigrate and allow mold/mildew and fungus to grow when moist. Eventually it will fail completely. So-called "green board" drywall is used in bathrooms and areas subjected to moisture but only outside the bath or shower area. It is not suitable for anything other than a backing material if used in the wet area of a bathroom. It can reside behind cement board or other materials with waterproof qualities. Never adhere tiles directly to green board unless it is outside the wet area of the bath/shower.
There are many other fibre and concrete boards, but none are as cheap as drywall.
Yes, you can use it.
There is no such thing as 'exterior' drywall.
Plastic sheeting works well for this, and yes it goes behind the drywall on exterior walls to help prevent moisture from getting to the drywall.
NO! An exterior rated primer must be used. Plus, choose a primer that is recommended for the surface you plan on painting.
A bit costly but sure knock yourself out
You use scrap pieces of drywall and joint compound.
NO. Never use it outside or even on the exterior of buildings. Drywall is extremely porous and soaks up moisture like a sponge. Even a sheet left outside on a damp day will be nearly 50 % heavier the next day, - and very much weaker!
PVA is not commonly used on drywall.
Sometimes used for maintaining cleaner floor surfaces when installing drywall and drywall finishing. Also used over exterior tile to prevent silt from entering tile.
Paper backed exterior drywall was discontinued over ten years ago because the paper facing provides a food source for mold when sujected to moisture. The replacement product is a moisture resistant core with a fiberglass facing in place of the old paper facing.
No, you don't use drywall anchors if you can use a stud.
Regular drywall primer.