Shabbat - שבת - is the Jewish Sabbath, a day of rest. It runs from Friday night at sundown to Saturday night at sundown.
Get a taste of it at the related link.
It means someone who keeps the laws of Shabbat.
It's the time of the evening when shabbat ends.
Shabbat Shalom is a greeting that Jews say to each other on Shabbat (the sabbath). It means "A peaceful Shabbat"
This phrase is meaningless. Shabbat means the Sabbath, but the word shamah doesn't fit. Depending on how you spell it, it could mean: שבת שמע = Shabbat he heard שבת שמה = Shabbat is over there
Shabbat Shalom Lekulam means 'A Good Sabbath to Everyone'
Cessation; rest.
It means "Have a peaceful Sabbath". It's how Jews greet each other during Shabbat.
If you mean shama ("to hear") = שמע If you mean shama ("over there") = שמה If you mean Sham ma ("there is what") שם מה
Shabbat Shalom means "peaceful Sabbath" and is the standard greeting between Jews on Saturday.
You have it backwards. It is Shabbat Shalom (שבת שלום), and it is a greeting used on Fridays and Saturdays, which translates to "a peaceful Sabbath".
"Happy Sabbath" (though this is not a standard greeting for the sabbath. It would be more appropriate to say Shabbat Shalom, "a peaceful sabbath").
Yes. It's the Jewish day of rest.