The drugs used are all used as local anesthetics. To name a few drugs, that are common in the procedure, are bupivacaine, chloroprocaine and lidocaine and these are provided in combination with fentanyl and sufentanil.
bupivicaine (Marcaine, Sensorcaine); chloroprocaine (Nesacaine); and lidocaine (Xylocaine).
local
Epidural anesthesia can block most of the pain of labor and birth for vaginal and surgical deliveries. Epidural analgesia is also used after cesarean sections
General anesthesia is commonly used, although regional (spinal or epidural) or local anesthesia may also be used.
If the patient is having epidural anesthesia, the risks include bleeding into the spinal canal, nerve damage, or a spinal headache.
We provide anesthesia services. Medicare has reimbursed for epidurals when used appropriately. We have never had an obstetrical epidural billed to Medicare. Medicare has also paid for the daily management of a patient on an epidural.
General anesthesia is typically used for kneecap removal surgery, though in some cases a spinal or epidural anesthetic is used.
The most commonly used gases for general anesthesia are isoflurane, desflurane, nitrous oxide, and sevoflurane. Usually the gas anesthesia is combined with intravenous anesthesia.
No. Drugs that are used for anesthesia are not tested for in drug tests.
Propofol is NOT a drug! It's anesthesia used in hospital operating rooms.
Phenothiazine derivatives include tranquilizers, medications that prevent vomiting, antihistamines, and drugs used to enhance the effectiveness of anesthesia
John Bonica was a pioneer and stalwart figure in pain medicine but he did not discover the epidural. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia had been around for many years. It is difficult to pinpoint who 1st described the technique. The 1st use came at the turn of the 20th century when numerous people attempted epidurals for surgical procedures but were met by failure. Over many years articles were published describing "caudal" anesthesia and analgesia which is a cousin to epidurals. Continuous "caudals" were 1st used in the 1940's where the needle would be left in patients for a period of time and a drip of local anesthetic infused into them. Dr. Bonica has many achievements and is credited with the 1st obstetric epidural in the Pacific NW. His wife nearly died in childbirth from open drop ether anesthesia and for the birth of his 2nd child Dr. Bonica placed an epidural into his own wife.
Well not necessarily an epidural. You can get a spinal anesthesia instead. You do need an anesthesia for a C-section, or it will be truly painful. You have choices so if you're against an epidural you can choose another anesthesia.