Judaism started in the Middle East which at the time was not an empire but a collection of monarchies.
For those who believe that the modern religion in Judaism did not develop until the Babylonian Exile (a position not endorsed by Jews), the answer would be: the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
Abraham was born in the Babylonian city of Ur.
Judaism is not a place, it is a religion. It can be, and is, all over the world. If you mean the Roman province of Judaea, it was in the eastern part of the Roman empire.
Abraham was the founder of Judaism, in the Holy Land.
Judaism has never been the official religion of any expanding empire; as a result, it has not invaded anywhere.
Judaism & Christianity started with God's Covenant with Abraham.
Abraham was born in the Babylonian city of Ur.
The difference between Judaism and Byzantine is whereas Judaism is a Christian sect, Byzantine is not.
The land of Israel (originally called Canaan, and later called Judea).
For Judaism, this link has the details:http://judaism.answers.com/jewish-history/a-biography-of-abraham
No. Judaism developed primarily in what is today Israel/Palestine, Iraq, and the general Mediterranean area. While there are certainly Persian ideas in Judaism and the Second Great Temple was built when the Jews were under the Persian Empire, Judaism did not develop in Persia.
Christianity and Islam.
Abraham
The birth of Abraham (1812 BCE), who founded what is now called Judaism. See also:More about AbrahamA more detailed timeline of Judaism