You can use drywall nails (ridged) or drywall screws. I am not a drywaller, but have done lots of it and prefer the screws.
Wall board screws. They have a course thread and a flat head.
Typically, a stud bolt refers to an un-headed fastener, like a piece of all thread rod. A hex bolt is common a six-sided fastener, available in many grades.
A snap fastener is a fastener used on clothing. Usually this type of fastener makes a 'snap' noise when it is fastened. Another word for 'snap fastener' would be 'press stud'.
1/2" in from the edges.
Putting plastic over the stud walls before sheetrock is not recommended. The moisture will be trapped between the sheetrock and plastic and the home will not breathe.
You can use drywall nails or drywall screws. I prefer the screws.
5/8 sheetrock over a stud wall has a one hour rating.
On the wall if you are standing the sheets up, the joint is always on a stud. If you are laying the sheets down, the joint will be at 4 ft. Ceiling you generally go across the joist. Generally in any application, you either join on a board or are going across the boards.
The back of the earring is called the post, if it is a stud type, or a wire if it is a drop. The fasteners are called butterflies and there is also a fastener which clamps onto the post called an Omega fastener
I'm not sure what you are asking. On walls you just put the tapered edges together and screw or nail it in place. If you have to end butt two pieces you do the same thing. If you have a long wall and are laying the sheetrock down, I would stagger the end joints at least one stud.
Typically 16". You'll notice on a tape measure that 16" is highlighted. This is the distance from the side of one stud to the same side of the next stud (e.g. from the left side across the existing stud to the placement of the next one.) The actual void between studs is a little less (14 1/2). This is so sheetrock/plywood falls evenly on the wall.
The box must be securely mounted. In some applications "Old Work" boxes are made to be secured by the sheetrock.