The Jewish-Roman War happened which led to the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD.
The Jews were oppressed by the Romans during this time.
In 63 BCE by Pompey.
Judea was a Hebrew-speaking region until about the 5th Century BCE when it shifted to Aramaic.Today, Arabic is the main language spoken in the West Bank, which was once called Judea and Samaria.
Strictly speaking, Herod never ruled Israel, as that kingdom ceased to exist in 722 BCE, centuries before his time. Rome made Herod tetrarch of Palestine in 41 BCE, but he lost his teritory to the Parthians in 40 BCE. In 38 BCE, he became king of Idumea and Samaria, but not Judea or Galilee. In 37 BCE, he recaptured Jerusalem, thereby including Judea in his kingdom. The Romans transferred some territories out of his control, then back again, until by 30 BCE his territorial boundaries were stabilised. King Herod died in April 4 BCE. He had been a king since 38 BCE, a reign of about 34 years. He had ruled Jerusalem and Judea since 37 BCE.
Herod's rule marked a new beginning in the history of Judea. From 140 BCE to 37 BCE Judea was under the rule of the Hasmoneon Dyanasty. After the successful attempt of Herod's overthrowing Antigonus, his rule officially led to the founding of the Herodian Dynasty where he ruled until 4 BCE.
John Hyrcanus became Prince and High Priest of Judea. For more information see the 134 BCE page on wikipedia.
Herod the Great was born around 74 BCE in Idumea, which was south of Judea.
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Herod became tetrarch in 41 BCE, but lost Palestine to the Parthians in 40 BCE. In 38 BCE, the Romans made him king of Idumea and Samaria, which were back under Roman control. In 37 BCE, Herod conquered Jerusalem and became king of Judea. He died in 4 BCE.
Philistia was the ancient land of the Philistines, from around 1250 BCE, and therefore predates Judea. It generally covered the coastal area from the Egyptian border north to pesent-day Tel Aviv and a good distance inland. Judea became the Roman name for Judah, which was the small inland enclave between central Philistia and the Dead Sea, based on the city of Jerusalem.
Apparently it was still Darius III, since Alexander conquered the area which included Judea in the following year, 332 BCE. In that era, the Jews themselves didn't have a king.
The group that defeated the Syrians was the Maccabees. The defeat took place during the Maccabean revolt between 167 and 160 BCE in Judea.
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