What is Protonation?

Answer 1

Proton-proton fusion is a form of stellar nucleosynthesis, which is the most common form of fusion in stellar energy release for stars of the mass of our Sun*. Nuclei of hydrogen (protons) are fused to create nuclei of helium, releasing energy. It is a three-step process. # Two hydrogen nuclei (each a single proton) are forced together at high temperature and pressure to form an atom called "deuterium" (one proton and one neutron). One of the two protons becomes a neutron through the release of a neutrino and a positron, which now carries the (+) charge. The positrons are annihilated by contact with their anti-particles, electrons (-). # After deuterium is formed, it fuses with another hydrogen nucleus (proton) to form Helium-3 (two protons and one neutron). # Two Helium-3 molecules will interact to form an atom of stable Helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons), releasing two protons. At every step of the process, energy is released as gamma radiation and neutrinos. (The greatest amount of energy is released from the reduction of Helium-3 into Helium-4.) The total is much greater than the energy required to begin the original proton pairing, so the reaction throws off enormous amounts of energy into the non-reacting matter surrounding it. In the Sun, this energy is passed outward to the surface of the star where it is eventually released into space as light and heat. * Stars more than 1.5 times the mass of the Sun are thought to use an alternate process involving the nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in the fusion process.

Answer 2

Proton-proton fusion is a form of stellar nucleosynthesis, which is the most common form of fusion in stellar energy release for stars of the mass of our Sun*. Nuclei of hydrogen (protons) are fused to create nuclei of helium, releasing energy. It is a three-step process. # Two hydrogen nuclei (each a single proton) are forced together at high temperature and pressure to form an atom called "deuterium" (one proton and one neutron). One of the two protons becomes a neutron through the release of a neutrino and a positron, which now carries the (+) charge. The positrons are annihilated by contact with their anti-particles, electrons (-). # After deuterium is formed, it fuses with another hydrogen nucleus (proton) to form Helium-3 (two protons and one neutron). # Two Helium-3 molecules will interact to form an atom of stable Helium-4 (two protons and two neutrons), releasing two protons. At every step of the process, energy is released as gamma radiation and neutrinos. (The greatest amount of energy is released from the reduction of Helium-3 into Helium-4.) The total is much greater than the energy required to begin the original proton pairing, so the reaction throws off enormous amounts of energy into the non-reacting matter surrounding it. In the Sun, this energy is passed outward to the surface of the star where it is eventually released into space as light and heat. * Stars more than 1.5 times the mass of the Sun are thought to use an alternate process involving the nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms in the fusion process.

Answer 3

Protonation is the addition of a proton (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion.

Answer 4

Deprotonation is the removal of a proton (H+) from a molecule, forming the conjugate base.